Palpatory Kinesiology
- Mark
- Mar 22, 2023
- 9 min read
Updated: May 17, 2023
Anterior muscles: flexion and internal rotation
Posterior muscles: extension and external rotation
The origin of a muscle is more proximal and less moveable
The insertion of a muscle is more distal and more moveable
Origin:
Short head: Coracoid process
Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle
Insertion: radial tuberosity
Function:
Short head: adduction of the arm, flexion
Long head: abduction/ inward rotation of the arm, flexion
Synergist: pec major coracobrachialis + radialis (elbow flexion), anterior deltoid
Antagonist: anything involved with shoulder flexion, triceps shoulder extension, lats, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid
Origin:
Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Medial head: posterior surface of the humerus (inferior to radial groove)
Lateral head: posterior surface of humerus (superior to radial groove)
Insertion: Olecranon process
Function:
Elbow joint: extension of the forearm
Shoulder joint: extension and adduction of the arm (long head)
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin:
- Medial 1/2 clavicle
- Costal cartilages of ribs 1-6 (sternum)
- Anterior surface of rectus sheath (abdominal part)
Insertion: Crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
Function: arm adduction/ internal rotation, flexion (clavicle)/ extension (sternum)
Synergist: Teres major, latissimus dorsi
Antagonist: Rhomboids, middle trapezius,
Origin:
- Lateral 1/3 clavicle
- Acromion process
- Spine of scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity
Function:
Clavicular: arm flexion/ internal rotation
Acromial: abduction of the arm beyond the initial 15°
Spinal: arm extension/ external rotation
Synergist: Supraspinatus (adduction)
Antagonist:
- the most superficial muscle of the shoulder
- the axillary nerve runs through the deltoid
Origin: External occipital protuberance, including ligamentum nuchae, to T12
Insertion: lateral clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula
Function:
- Upper: elevation, upward rotation of scapula, extension of the neck
- Middle: retraction/ adduction of the scapula
- Lower: depression and upward rotation of the scapula
Synergist: Levator scapulae
Antagonist:
- the most superficial muscle on the back
- segmented into 3 fibers: upper, middle and lower
Origin:
- Vertebral part: Spinous processes of vertebrae T7-T12, Thoracolumbar fascia
- Iliac part: Posterior third of crest of ilium
- Costal part: Ribs 9-12
- Scapular part: Inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: (anterior) bicipital groove
Function: Arm internal rotation/adduction/extension
Synergist: triceps and posterior deltoid (shoulder extension), teres major
Antagonist: pec major (flexion)
- prime mover for shoulder extension
- assists in respiration
Notes:
There are 3 muscles that insert into the bicipital groove
- Pectoralis major (flexion)
- Teres major (extension)
- Latissimus dorsi (extension)
- Adduction of the humerus and the shoulder are the same thing
- Ipsilateral = same side contraction of the neck
- Contralateral = opposite side of the neck
3/22/23
Rotator Cuff muscles (S.I.T.S.)
- Origin: Supraspinous fossa
- Insertion: greater tuberosity
- the only muscle that doesn't rotate
- Does the first 15 degrees of abduction and then the deltoid takes over, doesn't rotate
- synergist - deltoid
- antagonist - pec major, teres major, latissimus dorsi
- Origin: Infraspinous fossa
- Insert: greater tuberosity
- lateral/ external rotation of the humerus
- synergist - latissimus dorsi (shoulder extension)
- antagonist - pec major, subscapularis, teres major, lats
- Origin: Axillary border of the scapula
- Insertion: greater tuberosity
- lateral/ external rotation of the humerus
- synergist - infraspinatus, teres major (shoulder extension)
- antagonist - latissimus dorsi, pec major, teres major (internal rotation)
- Origin: Subscapular fossa
- Insertion: lesser tuberosity
- Action: medial/ internal rotation of the humerus
- Synergist: Pec major, lats, teres major
- Antagonist: infraspinatus, teres minor (lateral rotation)
- Origin - Inferior angle of the scapula (action: extension, internal rotation, adduction)
- Insertion - bicipital groove of the humerus (action: medial rotation)
- Synergist - latissimus dorsi
- Antagonist - pectoralis major (action: flexion of the shoulder)
- Origin - transverse process of C1-C4 (action: elevation, ipsilateral flexion of the neck)
- Insertion - Vertebral border of scapula, near superior angle (action: tilts glenoid fossa inferiorly)
- Synergist - Rhomboids (maj/min) and upper trapezius
- Antagonist -
- Origin - Costal cartilages of ribs 3-5 (action: protraction of the scapula)
- Insertion - Medial border of the coracoid process (action: depression of the shoulder)
- Synergist - serratus anterior
- Antagonist - rhomboids, middle trapezius
- Origin - Coracoid process
- Insertion - Medial humeral shaft
- Action - shoulder flexion/ adduction
- Synergist -
- Antagonist -
- Origin:
- Superior: Ribs 1-2
- Middle: Ribs 3-6
- Inferior: Ribs 7-9
- Insertion - Medial border of the scapula
- Action - Protraction/ abduction of the scapula
- Synergist - Rhomboids (and serratus anterior work together to stabilize the shoulder)
- Antagonist - Pec minor, rhomboids and middle trapezius
- a winged scapula is a weakness of the serratus anterior
Rhomboids
- Origin - Spinous process of C7-T5
- Insertion - Medial border of the scapula
- Action - elevation (Upper traps, rhomboids and levator scapulae) and retraction
- Synergist - Middle trapezius, upper trapezius
- Antagonist - pec minor and serratus anterior (both do protraction)
- rhomboid minor is superior to rhomboid major
Kinesiology Packet: p9 (Answer key)
Isometric contraction - muscle contracting and not moving (neither lengthening nor shortening) EX: pushing against an immovable object
Isotonic contraction - muscle contracting and moving/ shortening or lengthening
Concentric contraction - Muscle contracting and shortening
Eccentric contraction - Muscle contracting and lengthening (braking system -- the "negative in weightlifting"
What does a ligament connect? Bone to bone
What does a tendon connect? Muscle to bone
3/29/23
Coracobrachialis
- Origin
- Insertion
- Function
-
- adduction and flexion of the shoulder
Practice:
What muscle works closely with the anterior deltoid? Pectoralis major
What muscle is involved in any lifting movements? Deltoid
What is the major (strongest) extensor muscle? Latissimus dorsi
Name the four rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatous, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
What muscle works closely with the infraspinatus? Teres minor
List the muscles that do flexion of the shoulder: Pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis
List the muscles that do extension of the shoulder: lats, teres major, posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor, triceps
List the muscles that do adduction of the shoulder: pec major, teres major, lats, coracobrachialis
List the muscles that do abduction of the shoulder: supraspinatus, deltoid (all 3 fibers)
List the muscles that do internal rotation of the shoulder: pec major, teres major, latissimus dorsi, coracobrachialis, subscapularis, anterior deltoid
List the muscles that do external rotation of the shoulder: Infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid
Name a shoulder muscle isolated with the following exercises:
- Side arm dumbbell raises: deltoid
- Push ups: pec major
- Rowing and pull-overs: lats
Kinesiology Packet p31 (Answer Key)
Agonist/ Antagonist
- Biceps brachii - shoulder flexion / Triceps - shoulder extension
- Infraspinatus - external rotation / subscapularis - internal rotation
- Pectoralis major - shoulder flexion / lats - shoulder extension
- Trapezius - retraction / pec minor - protraction
- Teres major - internal rotation / posterior deltoid - external rotation
- Subscapularis - internal rotation / infraspinatus - external rotation
- Scalenes - neck flexion / upper trapezius - neck extension
- Levator scapulae - elevation of scapula / lower trapezius - depression of scapula
Agonist/ Synergist
- Anterior deltoid - internal rotation / pec major - internal rotation
- Supraspinatus - abduction of shoulder / deltoid - abduction of shoulder
- Coracobrachialis - shoulder flexion / pec major - shoulder flexion
- Pectoralis minor - protraction / serratus anterior - protraction
- Sternocleidomastoid - neck flexion / scalenes - neck flexion
- Rhomboids maj/minor - retraction / middle trapezius - retraction
- Serratus anterior - protraction / pectoralis minor - protraction
- Splenius capitis - extension / upper trapezius - extension
4/5/23
Forearm Muscles (differentiating between flexors and extensors)
Refer to Kinesiology Packet p32a (Answer Key)
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
Function: flexion, radial deviation
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Pisiform, hook of hamate and base of 5th metacarpal
Function: flexion, ulnar deviation
Origin: Medial epicondyle
Insertion: Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis
Function: Wrist flexion
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Base of 5th metacarpal (dorsal surface)
Function: Extension of the hand, ulnar deviation (adduction of the hand)
Origin: Lateral epicondyle (supercondular ridge)
Insertion: Base of 2nd metacarpal
Function: Extension of the wrist, abduction of the wrist
Origin: Later epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Base of 3rd metacarpal (dorsal surface)
Function: Wrist Extension, Radial deviation
Origin: Lateral epicondyle
Insertion: distal phalanges via dorsal mechanism of digits 2-5 (extensor expansion)
Function:
Abdominal Muscles
internal obliques and external obliques
Origin: Pubic crest and symphysis pubis of the hip bone
Insertion: Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 (Xyphoid process of sternum)
Function: Flexes vertebral column, abdomen compression
Origin: Anterior iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal ligament (thoracolumbar fascia and cartilages of ribs 6-12
Insertion: Abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba, xyphoid process and pubic symphisis
Function:
- The deepest abdominal muscle
Origin: Anterior iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal ligament, and thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Costal cartilages of ribs 8-12
Function: Rotates to the same side
Origin: External surfaces of ribs 5-12
Insertion: Anterior iliac crest and abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
Function: Rotation/ lateral flexion of vertebral column
Origin: Sternum, medial clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process (on the temporal bone)
Function: Ipsilateral flexion, contralateral rotation, bilateral flexion
- Unilateral contraction
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: Radial styloid process
Function: Forearm flexion (at the elbow)
- considered an anterior muscle
Origin: Lateral epicondyle
Insertion: radial shaft
Function: Supination
Synergist: Biceps brachii
- lateral muscle of the elbow
Notes:
- there are multiple muscles that originate in the same area of the forearm
- radial deviation = abduction
- ulnar deviation = adduction
- rectus means 'straight'
- ipsilateral = same side
- contralateral = opposite side
4/12/23
Kinesiology Midterm Exam
4/12/23
Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major)
Origin: Ilium: Iliac fossa of the hip bone
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Function: Hip flexion and lateral rotation
Synergist:
Antagonist: Gluteus maximus
- The Iliopsoas is the main hip flexor
- Tensor fascia latae does flexion and abduction of the hip
Origin: Lumbar spine: Vertebral and transverse processes of T-12-L4, Intervertebral discs between T12-L4, Costal processes of L1-L5
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Function: Hip flexion and lateral rotation
Synergist:
Antagonist: Gluteus maximus
Origin: Pubis: Superior pubis ramus
Insertion: Linae aspera: Pectineal line (posterior ridge of the femur)
Function: hip adduction, external rotation and hip flexion
Synergist: iliospoas
Antagonist: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius/ minimus, piriformis
Adductor Brevis (deep muscle under the adductor longus and magnus)
Origin: Pubis: Lateral (outer surface of inferior ramus
Insertion: Linea aspera: proximal portion
Function: hip adduction
Synergist: all of the adductors of the hip
Antagonist: gluteus minimus/ medius, piriformis
Origin: Pubis: superior aspect of pubis, below pubic tubercle
Insertion: Linea aspera: middle third of linea aspera of femur along medial lip
Function: hip adduction
Synergist: all hip adductors
Antagonist:
Origin: Pubis:
- oblique head - inferior ramus of pubis and ischial ramus
- radial head -
Insertion: Linea aspera:
- oblique head - gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera and proximal supercondylar line of femur
- vertical head - ischial tuberosity
Function: hip extension
Synergist: hamstring
Antagonist:
- The adductor magnus is so large it inserts into its own tubercle (adductor tubercle: posterior distal medial epicondyle of the femur)
[How to palpate without contacting the genitals]: Flex and laterally rotate client's leg. You can place your leg under your client's leg (during supine position) to massage the inner thigh.
Notes:
- ASIS: anterior superior iliac spine
4/26/23
Origin: Pubis: Inferior border of the pubis symphysis
Insertion: Tibia: proximal medial surface (Pes anserinus: Anterior medial proximal tibia)
Function: hip adduction, knee flexion and internal rotation
Synergist: hamstrings, gastrocnemius
Antagonist:
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion: Tibia: medial to tibial tuberosity (part of pes anserinus: AMPT)
Function: hip/knee flexion, abduction and external rotation of the knee joint
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Quadriceps Femoris
Rectus Femoris - crosses two joints (hip and knee)
Origin: AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine)
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity: quadriceps tendon to the base of the patella, onto tibial tuberosity
Function: hip flexion, knee extension
Synergist: sartorius, iliopsoas (hip flexion), vastus M.L.I. (knee extension)
Antagonist: hamstrings
Vastus Intermedius (deep to rectus femoris)
Origin: Anterior femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity: quadriceps tendon to the patella ligament
Function: knee extension
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Intertrochanteric line: Medial femur (medial lip of the linea aspera)
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity: quadriceps tendon/ patella ligament
Function: knee extension
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Greater trochanter: lateral femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity: quadriceps tendon/ patella ligament
Function: knee flexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Gluteals
Gluteus Maximus (most superficial of the gluteals)
Origin: Superior gluteal line
Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity
Function: hip extension and lateral rotation
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Medial gluteal line
Insertion: Greater trochanter: lateral and superior surface
Function: hip abduction, both (posterior fibers) lateral/ (anterior fibers) medial rotation of hip
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Ilium: Outer (external) surface, inferior gluteal lines
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Function: hip abduction/ medial rotation
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris (long head and short head) lateral tendon
Origin:
- long head: Ischial tuberosity of os coxa
- short head: posterior distal femur
Insertion: Head of fibula/ lateral epicondyle of tibia
Function: (long head only) hip extension, knee flexion (because it crosses the knee joint)
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Semitendinosus (superficial to the semimembranosus) (middle tendon)
Origin: Ischial tuberosity of os coxa
Insertion: Tibia, medial to tibial tuberosity (part of pes anserius)
Function: hip extension, knee flexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Semimembranosus (most medial tendon)
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Tibia: posterior condyle
Function: hip extension and knee flexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
5/3/23
6 Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip (Origin: Sacrum/ Insertion: Greater Trochanter/ Function: Lateral Rotation)
Piriformis
Gemellus Superior
Obturator Internus
Gemellus Inferior
Obturator Externus
Quadratus Femoris
5 Joints of the Pelvis (finish this)
3 Bones of the Pelvis
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Origin: Anterior iliac crest
Insertion: Lateral condyle of the tibia
Function: hip flexion/ abduction, medial rotation
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Lateral condyle of the femur
Insertion: Posterior surface of the tibia (just above the soleal (popliteal) line)
Function: Knee flexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Femur: Lateral supracondylar ridge
Insertion: Calcaneus
Function: Plantar flexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin:
- Medial head: medial condyle of femur
- Lateral head: lateral condyle of femur
Insertion: Calcaneus (calcaneal tendon)
Function: knee flexion, plantar flexion
Synergist: plantaris
Antagonist:
5/10/23
| Inversion | Eversion |
Plantar flexion | Tibialis posterior | Peroneus brevis and longus |
Dorsiflexion | Tibialis anterior | Peroneus tertius |
(random note: search malleolus)
Origin: Lateral fibula - Distal 1/3 to 1/2
Insertion: Foot - Tuberosity on lateral side of 5th metatarsal (plantar surface)
Function: Eversion and plantar flexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Head of fibula - proximal 1/2 to 2/3 of lateral side of fibula
Insertion: Foot - Medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal (plantar surface)
Function: Eversion and plantar flexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Fibula - medial surface
Insertion: Foot - dorsal surface 5th metatarsal
Function: Eversion and dorsiflexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Tibia - lateral condyle and superior 2/3 of anteriolateral
Insertion: Medial cuneiform -
Function: Inversion and dorsiflexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
Origin: Posterior surface of (lateral) tibia and (medial) fibula
Insertion: Foot - tuberosity navicular bone, cuneiforms, cuboid, 2-4 metatarsals
Function: Inversion and plantar flexion
Synergist:
Antagonist:
5/18/23
Origin:
Insertion:
Function:
Synergist:
Antagonist:
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