ABMP: Pathology (cont. 4)

The Endocrine System

Terminology

Addison's disease - A rare, chronic endocrine system disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones causing fatigue, lightheadedness upon standing, muscle weakness and pain, fever, weight loss, anxiety, nausea, diarrhea, and changes in personality. The disease may progress to Addisonian crisis, a severe illness which may include very low blood pressure.

Adenitis - A general term that often makes up the name of certain disorders meaning "inflammation of a gland," as in Bartholin adenitis (inflammation of Bartholin's gland or the greater vestibular gland).

Conn's syndrome - A disease where excessive secretions of aldosterone are produced by the adrenal gland, resulting in low potassium levels (hypokalemia), underacidity of the body (alkalosis), muscle weakness, excessive thirst, excessive urination, and high blood pressure. Also known as aldosteronism and hyperaldosteronism.

Cushing's syndrome - A collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excess of cortisol affecting many areas of the body. Symptoms include weight gain, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, facial puffiness, bruising, weakness, and thinning of the skin.

Diabetes - A general term for a group of related disorders that cause elevated levels of sugar in the blood (hyperglycemia). It is caused by the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types: type 1 results from the body's failure to produce enough insulin (causes are unclear); type 2 begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly (the primary cause is excess body weight and a sedentary lifestyle); gestational diabetes occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood glucose levels. Symptoms of high blood sugar include increased thirst, hunger, and frequent urination. Diabetes is associated with neuropathy, increased infection, cardiovascular disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes. Poorly managed diabetes is contraindicated for massage.

Goiter - A visible swelling on the front of the neck caused by an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Human growth hormone - A hormone made in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration. It is used to treat children's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency.

Hyperthyroidism - A condition that results when the thyroid gland overproduces thyroid hormones, increasing the body's metabolism and leading to unintended weight loss with increased appetite, shortness of breath, fatigue, intolerance to heat, heart palpitations, increased frequency of bowel movements, muscle weakness, tremors, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, rapid heart beat, dry skin and hair, and difficulty sleeping.

Hypoglycemia - The condition of low blood sugar when blood glucose concentrations fall below a level necessary to properly support the body's need for energy.

Hypothyroidism - A condition that results when the thyroid gland fails to produce or secrete as much thyroxine as the body needs. Because thyroxine regulates essential functions such as heart rate, digestion, physical growth, and mental development, an insufficient supply of this hormone can inhibit life-sustaining processes, damage organs and tissues in every part of the body, and lead to life-threatening complications.

Insulin shock - Severe hypoglycemia that is associated with the presence of excessive insulin in the system and, if left untreated, could result in convulsions and progressive development of coma. Initial symptoms include dizziness, confusion, weakness, and tremors.

Metabolic syndrome - A group of factors that are present in a person indicating that the person is at further risk for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic risk factors include insulin resistance, hypertension, cholesterol abnormalities, and an increased risk for blood clotting. Affected individuals are most often overweight or obese.

Practice Quiz

1. Massage therapy would be contraindicated for a client with diabetes and:

A:Trigger points

B:Hypertonicity

C:Carpal tunnel syndrome

D:Kidney failure

2. A condition that results when the thyroid gland overproduces thyroid hormones is:

A:Hyperglycemia

B:Metabolic syndrome

C:Thyroiditis

D:Hyperthyroidism

3. A common complication of diabetes is:

A:Fibromyalgia

B:Osteoarthritis

C:Rheumatoid arthritis

D:Foot ulcers

4. Overproduction of the hormone aldosterone causes a condition called:

A:Down syndrome

B:Cushing's syndrome

C:Conn's syndrome

D:Addison's disease

5. A condition that results when the thyroid gland fails to produce or secrete as much thyroxine as the body needs is called:

A:Hypoglycemia

B:Cirrhosis

C:Lupus

D:Hypothyroidism

6. A common symptom of insulin shock is:

A:Decreased heart rate

B:Confusion

C:Nearsightedness

D:Night blindness

7. HGH is the acronym for:

A:Hemoglobin growth hormone

B:Human growth hormone

C:Hypothalamus gland hormone

D:Hemi-gamete hormone

8. If a diabetic person receives too much insulin, the result is a sudden:

A:Drop in blood sugar levels

B:Underproduction of adrenaline

C:Spike in blood sugar levels

D:Overproduction of adrenaline

9. One benefit of massage therapy for someone with diabetes would be:

A:Increased heart rate

B:Decreased oxygen saturation

C:Decreased muscle pain

D:Increased blood pressure

10. A common symptom of insulin shock is:

A:Decreased range of motion

B:Weakness

C:Phonophobia

D:Skin irritation

11. A contraindication for massage related to a client with diabetes would be:

A:Swelling due to vascular dysfunction

B:Pain

C:Loss of function

D:Muscle tension

12. Restlessness, irritability, rapid heart beat, unintended weight loss, and dry skin and hair are symptoms of:

A:Type 2 diabetes

B:Hypothyroidism

C:Hyperthyroidism

D:Type 1 diabetes

13. A group of factors that are present in a person indicating that the person is at further risk for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes is called:

A:Metabolic syndrome

B:Hyperglycemic syndrome

C:Thyroxine syndrome

D:Lupus syndrome

14. A common complication of diabetes is:

A:Sciatica

B:Cardiovascular disease

C:Increased blood flow

D:Foot drop

15. Diabetus mellitus is a disorder of which gland?

A:Pancreas

B:Thyroid

C:Hypothalamus

D:Parathyroid

16. Adenitis is a general term for inflammation of:

A:The immune system

B:The hypothalamus

C:A gland

D:A lymph vessel

17. A common sign of insulin shock is:

A:Bloating

B:Indigestion

C:Tremors

D:Crepitus

18.

19.

20.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. D

2. D

3. D

4. C

5. D

6. B

7. B

8. A

9. C

10. B

11. A

12. C

13. A

14. B

15. A

16. C

17. C

18.

19.

20.

The Reproductive System

Terminology

Amenorrhea - The abnormal absence or cessation of menstruation. Primary amenorrhea is menstruation that never takes place and fails to occur at puberty, often due to developmental problems. Secondary amenorrhea is menstruation that starts but then stops, and is often due to hormonal disturbances or premature menopause.

Breast cancer - The development of malignant cells in the breast, arising from the milk-producing glands of breast tissue, and producing a tumor that may metastasize and spread to other organs.

Cervical cancer - A form of cancer in which the cells of the cervix start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of approximately 90% of all cervical cancers.

Dysmenorrhea - The occurrence of painful cramps during menstruation caused by hormone-like substances called prostaglandins that trigger strong muscle contractions in the uterus during menstruation.

Eclampsia - A serious and life-threatening form of pregnancy-related hypertension characterized by seizure, coma, hypertension, proteinuria (the excess of serum proteins in the urine), and edema.

Endometriosis - The presence of tissue (that normally grows inside the uterus) in an abnormal anatomical location. It most commonly occurs within the fallopian tubes and on the outside of the tubes and ovaries, the outer surface of the uterus and intestines, and anywhere on the surface of the pelvic cavity. It may not produce symptoms, or it may lead to painful periods and be a factor in infertility.

Fibroid tumors - Common benign tumors of the uterus which are often without symptoms. In some women, they cause prolonged or heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, or pain and reproductive dysfunction.

Gestational diabetes - A condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood-glucose levels during pregnancy, especially during the third trimester. It is caused when insulin receptors do not function properly.

High-risk pregnancy - A pregnancy that puts the mother or the developing fetus at higher than normal risk for complications. Factors that lead to high-risk pregnancy include old or young maternal age, a mother that is overweight or underweight, a history of problems with other pregnancies, multiple fetuses (e.g., twins), and pre-existing health conditions including HIV/AIDS, heart disease, hypertension, kidney disorders, autoimmune disorders, sexually transmitted diseases, diabetes, or cancer. Some pregnancies become high risk with the development of preeclampsia, eclampsia, gestational diabetes, or results from tests that indicate the fetus is abnormal.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) - A group of more than 100 viruses, with 30 types passed from one person to another through sexual contact, producing genital warts and potentially leading to cervical cancer in women.

Hysterectomy - The surgical removal of the uterus. A subtotal hysterectomy is when only the uterus is removed. A total hysterectomy is when the uterus and cervix are removed. A hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is the removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries, along with the uterus. In a radical hysterectomy, the uterus, cervix, ovaries, oviducts, lymph nodes, and lymph channels are removed. In all cases, menstruation stops and a woman loses the ability to bear children.

Infertility - Diminished or absent ability to conceive and bear offspring. A couple is considered to be experiencing infertility if conception has not occurred after 12 months of sexual activity without the use of contraception. It has many causes and may be related to factors in the male, female, or both.

Mastectomy - The surgical removal of all or part of a breast. When the associated skin and regional lymph nodes are also removed, it is referred to as a radical mastectomy. It is performed as a treatment for cancer.

Menopause - The cessation of a woman's reproductive ability characterized by the absence of menstrual flow (and other symptoms) occurring over a number of years during a woman's midlife (late 40s or early 50s).

Pelvic inflammatory disease - A term used to describe any infection in the lower female reproductive tract that spreads to the upper female reproductive tract. It is most often, though not always, caused by sexually transmitted diseases.

Preeclampsia - A disorder that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria (the excess of serum proteins in the urine). If left untreated, preeclampsia can develop into eclampsia and be life-threatening.

Premenstrual syndrome - Symptoms that occur between ovulation and the onset of menstruation usually due to hormones, including breast tenderness, back pain, abdominal cramps, headache, changes in appetite, anxiety, and depression.

Prostate cancer - A malignant tumor of the prostate, the gland that produces some of the components of semen. In some people, prostate cancer is life threatening, but for others, the cancer can exist for years without causing health problems.

Prostatitis - Inflammation of the prostate gland most often resulting from infection or certain diseases.

Sexually transmitted diseases - Any disease transmitted by sexual contact including AIDS, chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, syphilis, and some forms of hepatitis.

Practice Quiz

1. Chlamydia, genital warts, and genital herpes are forms of:

A:Common urinary tract infections

B:Sexually transmitted diseases

C:Forms of endometriosis

D:Diseases related to premenstrual syndrome

2. A mastectomy is the surgical removal of:

A:The penis

B:The breast

C:The testes

D:The uterus

3. The natural discontinuation of the menstrual cycle in a mature woman is:

A:Meiosis

B:Amenorrhea

C:Menopause

D:Menarche

4. This term is used to describe any infection in the lower female reproductive tract that spreads to the upper female reproductive tract:

A:Premenstrual syndrome

B:Pelvic inflammatory disease

C:Dysmenorrhea

D:Cholecysitis

5. Prostatitis is:

A:A type of colon cancer

B:An infection of the urinary tract

C:A form of pelvic inflammatory disease

D:Inflammation of the prostate gland

6. A malignant tumor of the gland that produces some of the components of semen is:

A:Colon cancer

B:Prostate cancer

C:Penile cancer

D:Dysmenorrhea

7. The presence of tissue that normally grows inside the uterus in an abnormal anatomical location is:

A:Endometriosis

B:Dysmenorrhea

C:Cholecysitis

D:Amenorrhea

8. PMS stands for:

A:Postmenopausal syndrome

B:Postmenstrual syndrome

C:Premenstrual syndrome

D:Premenopausal syndrome

9. Endometriosis can result in all of the following EXCEPT:

A:Painful menses

B:Chlamydia

C:Excessive bleeding during menses

D:Infertility

10. Endometriosis, when it occurs in the fallopian tubes, presents a risk of:

A:Cancerous growth

B:Ectopic pregnancy

C:Candidiasis

D:Infertility

11. Genital warts is caused by which virus?

A:Gonorrhea

B:Herpes type 1

C:Herpes type 2

D:Human papillomavirus

12. A nonmalignant tumor of smooth muscle in the uterus is called:

A:Ectopic

B:A fibroid

C:Kaposi sarcoma

D:Dysmenorrhea

13. The occurrence of painful cramps during menstruation caused by hormone-like substances called prostaglandins is:

A:Menopause

B:Dysmenorrhea

C:Cholecysitis

D:Amenorrhea

14. A total removal of the breast, surrounding tissue, and associated lymph nodes in response to breast cancer is referred to as a:

A:Double mastectomy

B:Biopsy

C:Lumpectomy

D:Radical mastectomy

15. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) puts a woman at greater risk for which condition?

A:Breast cancer

B:Toxic shock syndrome

C:Candidiasis

D:Cervical cancer

16. An abnormal discontinuation of the menstrual cycle is:

A:Abruptio placentae

B:Endometriosis

C:Menopause

D:Amenorrhea

17. Symptoms that occur between ovulation and the onset of menstruation usually due to hormones is called:

A:Premenstrual syndrome

B:Endometriosis

C:Pelvic inflammatory disease

D:Preeclampsia

18.

19.

20.

21.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. B

2. B

3. C

4. B

5. D

6. B

7. A

8. B

9. D

10. D

11. D

12. B

13. B

14. D

15. D

16. D

17. A

18.

19.

20.

21.

The Urinary System

Terminology

Cystitis - Inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by bladder infections often associated with the bacteria E coli.

Kidney stones - Solid accumulations of material that form in the tubal system of the kidney that can block the flow of urine through or out of the kidney, or cause severe pain when they move along the ureter. Technically called a renal calculus.

Pyelonephritis - Infection of the kidney or renal pelvis. Symptoms include burning pain with urination, back pain, fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting.

Renal failure - A condition where the kidneys are incapable of functioning at normal levels. It may be acute or chronic and may cause a life-threatening situation.

Urinary tract infection - An infection in one or more structures of the urinary system often caused by E coli. Symptoms include urinary frequency, burning pain with urination, and visible blood and pus in the urine accompanied by fever and back pain.

Practice Quiz

1. An infection of the kidney or renal pelvis is called:

A:Pyelonephritis

B:Acute renal failure

C:Kidney stones

D:Lithotripsy

2. A condition where the kidneys are incapable of functioning at normal levels is:

A:Candida

B:Pyelonephritis

C:Renal failure

D:Lithotripsy

3. Kidney stones can:

A:Cause severe pain when they move along the vas deferens

B:Cause severe pain when they move along the ureter

C:Cause severe pain when they pass through the cervix

D:Cause severe pain when they pass through the uterus

4. Solid accumulations of material that form in the tubal system of the kidney are called:

A:Gallstones

B:Tubal stones

C:Kidney stones

D:Urinary stones

5. Inflammation of the urinary bladder is:

A:Urolithiasis

B:Urethritis

C:Cystitis

D:Cytosis

6. In which case of edema would massage be contraindicated systemically?

A:When a client has a sprained ankle that is hot and swollen

B:When a pregnant woman has edema in her legs

C:When edema is the result of a kidney infection of unknown extent

D:When a client has been prescribed postpartum bedrest

7. The E coli bacteria is a common culprit in:

A:Kidney stones

B:Acute renal failure

C:Urinary tract infections

D:Lithotripsy

8. Cystitis is inflammation of the:

A:Ureters

B:Gallbladder

C:Urinary bladder

D:Cervix

9. The technical term for a kidney stone is:

A:Renal corpuscle

B:Renal nephron

C:Renal enuresis

D:Renal calculi

10. Most urinary tract infections are caused by:

A:Excess glucose

B:Candida

C:E coli

D:HPV

11.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. A

2. C

3. B

4. C

5. C

6. C

7. C

8. C

9. D

10. C

11.