ABMP: Pathology (cont. 3)

The Cardiovascular System

Terminology

Anemia - The condition of having a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin diminishing the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen. Symptoms include fatigue, paleness, palpitations and shortness of breath. Causes are idiopathic, nutritional (iron deficiency, folic acid or B12 deficiency), pernicious (intrinsic factor deficiency or Crohn's disease), and others.

Aneurysm - A distention (widening, bulging, outpouching) and weakening of an artery, vein, or the heart, that may rupture. They most often occur in the thoracic or abdominal aorta, or in the arteries at the base of the brain.

Angina pectoris - A term that means "chest pain" and refers to symptoms that occur when the heart muscle does not receive adequate oxygen. Angina pectoris indicates an underlying condition that places a person at risk for heart attack.

Anoxemia - A condition where blood circulates to the organs and tissues of the body, but contains a below-normal amount of oxygen.

Anoxia - A condition characterized by an absence of oxygen supply to an organ or a tissue, as opposed to hypoxia, which is a limited supply of oxygen to an organ or tissue.

Arrhythmia - A heart rhythm disorder where the heart beats irregularly. It can occur in combination with tachycardia (heartbeat too fast) and bradycardia (heartbeat too slow).

Arterial embolism - A blood clot in an artery. Arterial embolisms most often affect the brain, heart, kidneys, and legs.

Atherosclerosis - Commonly called hardening of the arteries. A condition in which fatty substances form a deposit of plaque on the inner lining of arterial walls, causing the walls to become less elastic (commonly called hardening of the arteries). Over time, atherosclerosis contributes to many heart diseases.

Atrial septal defect - A congenital heart defect in which the interatrial septum (the dividing wall between the atria) is defective or absent, allowing blood to flow directly between the atria of the heart. This causes lower-than-normal oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the brain, organs, and tissue.

Blood pressure - The force of blood exerted upon blood vessel walls. It is measured in systolic pressure (the amount of pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricle) and diastolic pressure (the amount of pressure when the ventricle relaxes).

Bradycardia - A heart rhythm disorder where the heart beats too slowly. Usually defined as less than 60 beats per minute.

Congenital heart conditions - A general term for a large number of birth defects that involve the malformation of the heart, aorta, or other large blood vessels in newborns, including ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and aortic stenosis, among many others. Other terms used include congenital heart defect, congenital heart malformation, and congenital cardiovascular disease.

Coronary artery disease - A condition where one or more arteries that supply blood to the heart are impeded or blocked. The primary cause is atherosclerosis. Symptoms include chest pain, angina pectoris, heart attack, and sudden death.

Cyanosis - The appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to low oxygen saturation.

Deep vein thrombosis - A blood clot within a deep vein, usually the thigh or leg. The blood clot (thrombus) can break off as an embolus (traveling clot) and make its way to the lung (pulmonary embolism).

Diastole - The time period when the heart is resting between contractions. A rhythmically recurrent expansion of the cavities of the heart during which they fill with blood.

Embolism - A substance (e.g., air bubble, globules of fat, bone chips, chemicals from illegal drugs, amniotic fluid, etc.) combined with blood or a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream and then lodges in the blood vessel, blocking the flow of blood.

Embolus - Blood clots that travel through the circulatory system. They are usually composed of blood but may include other substances such as plaque, globules of fat, bone chips, air bubbles, or tumors. When an emboli gets stuck and remains in one place, it is called a thrombosis.

Heart attack (myocardial infarction) - The death of heart muscle, because the supply of blood to the heart is severely reduced or stopped. When the heart shuts down, it is commonly referred to as cardiac arrest. A heart attack is usually caused by coronary artery disease or atherosclerosis.

Heart block - The delay in the normal flow of electrical impulses through the atrioventricular node (AV node) that causes the heart to beat.

Heart failure - A failure of the heart to meet the body's demands due to the inability to pump blood with normal efficiency. Symptoms include shortness of breath, pooling of blood in various body areas, edema, cyanosis, and enlargement (hypertrophy) of the heart. There are many potential causes of heart failure including coronary artery disease leading to heart attacks, and heart muscle weakness, hypertension, and heart valve disease.

Heart murmur - A noise made by the heart that often indicates some type of valve dysfunction within the heart.

Heart rhythm disorders - Conditions where the normal rhythm of the heart is disrupted and the heart beats too fast, too slow, irregularly, or not at all. Often called cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac dysrhythmias, these disorders are usually caused when the heart's electrical system malfunctions.

Hematoma - A collection of blood outside a blood vessel; a deep bruise or pooling of blood in body tissues.

Hemophilia - A genetic blood disorder where clotting factors in the blood occur at lower-than-normal levels or are missing, causing excessive bleeding.

High cholesterol - When the combination of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), considered "bad" cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), considered "good" cholesterol, exceeds 200 mg/dl. Risk factors include a high-fat and high-calorie diet, family history, obesity, alcoholism, and lack of regular exercise, as well as the intake of high-cholesterol foods. High cholesterol is associated with a number of health conditions including coronary artery disease, heart attack, and stroke.

Hypertension - A technical term for high blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is less than 120 systolic and 80 diastolic. High normal (pre-hypertension) is 120–139 systolic and 80–89 diastolic. Hypertension stage 1 is 140–159 systolic and 90–99 diastolic. Hypertension stage 2 is 160 or higher systolic and 100 or higher diastolic. High blood pressure is a factor in the development of many different diseases and conditions including damage to arteries, aneurysm, coronary artery disease, heart failure, transient ischemic attack, stroke, dementia, kidney failure, and many others.

Hypoxia - A condition characterized by the limited supply of oxygen to an organ or tissue, as opposed to anoxia which is total oxygen deprivation.

Leukemia - A general term for cancer of the blood cells (leukemia, erythroleukemia, and others). Technically, leukemia refers to white blood cells (leukocytes) where faulty white blood cells are produced in bone marrow and erythroleukemia refers to red blood cells (erythrocytes) where large numbers of abnormal, immature red blood cells are produced.

Palpitation - A heart rhythm condition where the heart's regular rhythm is interrupted by a premature or early beat, causing the sensation of a pause or missed beat. Palpitations are common in healthy people of all ages and may be related to caffeine or alcohol consumption, stress, or fatigue. Only rarely do they indicate a serious underlying condition.

Pitting edema - Caused by excessive fluid in the interstitial spaces, this condition leaves tissue pitted or indented even after applied pressure is released.

Pulmonary embolism - A blood clot that has been carried through the blood into the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. The pulmonary artery is the main blood vessel from the heart to the lung.

Raynaud's syndrome - A condition where abnormal spasms in the blood vessels cause a diminished blood supply to the fingers and toes when a person is exposed to changes in temperature or to emotional events. Initially, the fingers and toes turn white and then blue, due to a prolonged lack of oxygen. The blood vessels then reopen, causing flushing that turns the fingers and toes red.

Septicemia - A condition where bacteria in the blood (Bacteremia) creates a serious, life-threatening infection that can get worse very quickly.

Systole - The time period when the heart is contracting. A rhythmically recurrent contraction of the heart by which the blood is forced onward and the circulation kept up.

Tachycardia - A heart rhythm disorder when the heart beats too fast. Usually defined as greater than 100 beats per minute.

Thrombophlebitis - A condition where the presence of a thrombus (blood clot) in a vein is accompanied by inflammation of the vessel wall. It most often occurs in superficial veins of the extremities, where the clot attaches firmly to the wall of the affected vein. When thrombophlebitis occurs in deep veins (called deep vein thrombosis), the compression of vessels by nearby muscles often causes the clot to break loose where it could produce serious complications (e.g., pulmonary embolism, etc.). Thrombophlebitis is also called phlebitis or venous thrombosis.

Varicose veins - A vein that is distended, enlarged, and/or twisted near the surface of the skin, most commonly found in the legs. Varicose veins are caused by weakened valves and veins, and exacerbated by being overweight, pregnant, or having a job where you must stand for long periods of time, thereby increasing the pressure on your leg veins. In the case of extreme varicose veins, massage is locally contraindicated and practitioners should also avoid working distal to the area.

Practice Quiz

1. What term means chest pain?

A:Angina pectoris

B:Septi pectoris

C:Hypoxia pectoris

D:Anoxia pectoris

2. The inability of the heart to meet the body's demands is called:

A:Heart failure

B:Tachycardia

C:Heart shock

D:Bradycardia

3. A deep bruise or pooling of blood in body tissue is a:

A:Emboli

B:Erythroleukemia

C:Hematoma

D:Thrombus

4. When the heart beats too slow this is:

A:Tachycardia

B:Bradycardia

C:Palpitation

D:Arrhythmia

5. Abnormal spasms in blood vessels is the primary cause of:

A:Hematomas

B:Tachycardia

C:Heart block

D:Raynaud's disease

6. A vein that is distended, enlarged, and/or twisted is called:

A:Varicose

B:Anoxic

C:Hypoxic

D:Anicose

7. A condition where blood circulates to the organs and tissues of the body but contains a below normal amount of oxygen is:

A:Hypoxia

B:Anoxemia

C:Anoxia

D:Arrhythmia

8. Angina pectoris might indicate what?

A:A person might be at risk for deep vein thrombosis

B:A person might be at risk for thrombophlebitis

C:A person might be at risk for erythroleukemia

D:A person might be at risk for a heart attack

9. A condition characterized by an absence of oxygen supply to an organ or a tissue is:

A:Septicemia

B:Anoxemia

C:Hypoxia

D:Anoxia

10. Deep vein thrombosis could lead to:

A:Anoxemia

B:Pulmonary embolism

C:Atherosclerosis

D:Atrial septal defect

11. What is anoxia?

A:Insufficient oxygen reaching organs and tissues

B:An irregular heartbeat

C:A total lack of oxygen in the tissues

D:An absence of clotting factors in the blood

12. Which best describes thrombophlebitis?

A:A traveling blood clot that has not yet lodged in a vein

B:A traveling blood clot that causes the veins where it passes to become inflamed

C:A condition where a blood clot in a vein is accompanied by inflammation of the vessel wall

D:Inflammation of a vessel wall without the presence of a blood clot

13. The measured force of pressure created on the arteries when the heart contracts is:

A:Tachicardic blood pressure

B:Arrhythmic blood pressure

C:Diastolic blood pressure

D:Systolic blood pressure

14. The primary cause of this serious condition is atherosclerosis, and its symptoms include chest pain, angina pectoris, heart attack, and sudden death:

A:Heart block

B:Septicemia

C:Coronary artery disease

D:Atrioventricular disease

15. A condition where one or more arteries that supply blood to the heart are impeded or blocked is:

A:Coronary artery disease

B:Septicemia

C:Atrioventricular disease

D:Heart block

16. The pressure of the arterial blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels in systemic circulation is called:

A:Bradicardic pressure

B:Tachicardic pressure

C:Atherosclerotic pressure

D:Blood pressure

17. This occurrence rarely indicates a serious underlying condition and occurs regularly in healthy people of all ages:

A:Tachycardia

B:Atherosclerosis

C:Bradycardia

D:Palpitation

18. Your client is experiencing an acute flare-up from Raynaud’s syndrome, possibly precipitated by recent highly emotional events in her life. Which of the following therapeutic approaches would be contraindicated?

A:Manual lymph drainage

B:Myofascial release

C:Trigger point therapy

D:Cryotherapy

19. Deep vein thrombosis describes blood clots in the veins of the:

A:Abdomen

B:Arms

C:Legs

D:Neck

20. If a client reports on a health form that she has anemia, you know that:

A:A higher-than-normal number of red blood cells

B:A higher-than-normal number of white blood cells

C:She has a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells

D:A lower-than-normal number of white blood cells

21. The unusual slowness of the heartbeat is called:

A:Tachycardia

B:Myocardia

C:Bradycardia

D:Arterialcardia

22. An embolism that has been carried to the main blood vessel from the heart to the lung is called:

A:A hepa embolism

B:A pulmonary embolism

C:A nephro embolism

D:A osseo embolism

23. Due to the presence of superficial blood vessels, avoid working directly or deeply on this area of the body:

A:Posterior thigh

B:Upper back

C:Popliteal region

D:Lower back

24. A condition in which fatty substances form a deposit of plaque on the inner lining of arterial walls is called:

A:Atherosclerosis

B:Septicemia

C:Hypoxia

D:Angina

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. A

2. A

3. C

4. B

5. D

6. A

7. B

8. D

9. D

10. B

11. C

12. C

13. D

14. C

15. A

16. D

17. D

18. D

19. C

20. C

21. C

22. B

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

The Lymphatic and Immune System

Terminology

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - When a person with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has fewer than 200 CD3+ T cells (the immune system's primary infection-fighting blood cells), the condition is called AIDS. Uninfected adults usually have 1,000 or more CD3+ T cells. The immune system is gradually destroyed by the HIV virus, and loses its ability to fight off common pathogens that usually do not cause illness in healthy people. In people with AIDS, opportunistic infections can be severe and often are fatal. People with AIDS are also prone to developing various cancers, especially those of the immune system.

Allergic reaction - A hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system where normally harmless substances are treated as if they are dangerous. Allergic reactions can be mild to moderate with symptoms that include itchy eyes, runny nose, eczema, hives, or an asthma attack or anaphylaxis that can interfere with breathing and is potentially life-threatening.

Anaphylaxis - A rapidly developing and severe allergic reaction where previously sensitized mast cells dump large amounts of histamine on the body at one time, affecting a number of different body systems simultaneously. Often the reaction causes swelling that interferes with breathing and dangerously low blood pressure. Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Angioedema - The rapid onset of localized swelling. While it is usually caused by an allergy, it can also be idiopathic. Swelling typically occurs around the mouth, tongue, and throat, as well as the hands and eyelids. When it causes swelling to the tongue, larynx, or pharynx, it can obstruct airflow and be life-threatening.

Autoimmune diseases - A group of diseases resulting from a disordered immune reaction in which antibodies are produced against, and cause damage to, one's own tissues. Common autoimmune diseases include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Chronic fatigue - A condition characterized by severe fatigue for at least 6 months that is not caused by a diagnosable disease or relieved with rest. It is believed to be associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. Related symptoms include cognitive impairment, muscle and joint pain, headaches, tender lymph nodes, a sore throat, and nonrefreshing sleep.

Edema - The swelling of soft tissue as a result of excess fluid accumulation, which is often most prominent in the lower legs and feet.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - The virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is transmitted via body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, blood, during pregnancy from mother to baby, breast milk, needle sharing, and infected blood transfusions).

Inflammatory response - A nonspecific immune response to injury or tissue damage causing the movement of white blood cells to the area, and resulting in redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

Lupus - A general term for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) referring to a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that may affect many organ systems including the skin, joints, and internal organs.

Lymphedema - A condition where lymph vessels are damaged or missing, not allowing lymph to move freely through the lymphatic system; causes lymphatic fluid to accumulate in interstitial tissues of the body, especially in the extremities.

Practice Quiz

1. When angioedema affects the larynx, tongue, or pharynx it can:

A:Trigger arrhythmias

B:Trigger endometriosis

C:Obstruct airflow

D:Obstruct blood flow

2. A rapidly developing and severe allergic reaction is called:

A:Anaphylaxis

B:Cystitis

C:Enuresis

D:Renal lithosus

3. Chronic fatigue syndrome is thought to be associated with which virus?

A:Elephantiasis

B:Human Immunodeficiency

C:Epstein-Barr

D:Systemic lupus

4. A virus spread via body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, blood, during pregnancy from mother to baby, breast milk, needle sharing, and infected blood transfusions) is:

A:Lupus

B:Conn's syndrome

C:Pelvic inflammatory disease

D:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

5. A general term referring to a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that may affect many organ systems including the skin, joints, and internal organs is:

A:Endometriosis

B:Obstructed blood flow disease

C:Addison's disease

D:Lupus

6. A group of diseases in which antibodies are produced against one's own tissues and cause damage are collectively called:

A:Autoimmune diseases

B:Addison's disease

C:Conn's syndrome

D:Cushing's syndrome

7. AIDS is an acronym that stands for:

A:Allergic immunodeficiency syndrome

B:Acute immunodeterioration syndrome

C:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

D:Active immunodeficiency syndrome

8. Lymphedema causes swelling especially in which area of the body?

A:Extremities

B:Abdomen

C:Neck

D:Cranium

9. A general term for the swelling of soft tissue as a result of excess fluid accumulation, which is often most prominent in the lower legs and feet is:

A:Varicose veins

B:Autoimmune diseases

C:Edema

D:Anaphylaxis

10. One reason that anaphylaxis is dangerous is that:

A:It causes painful kidney stones that become lodged in the ureter

B:It causes pelvic inflammatory diseases

C:It causes swelling that interferes with breathing

D:It leads to some forms of cervical cancer

11. Why is it essential to ask your client if they have a history of allergies?

A:It informs the type of lubricant you can use

B:To protect you from a disability claim

C:To ensure you have antihistamine on hand in case of an allergic reaction

D:It helps you choose which snacks to offer post-session

12. A rapidly developing and severe allergic reaction is called:

A:Cystitis

B:Renal lithosus

C:Anaphylaxis

D:Enuresis

13. The swelling from lymphedema is the result of excess fluid:

A:In the interstitial spaces

B:In the lymphatic ducts

C:In the spleen

D:In the lymph nodes

14. Lupus can often cause severe inflammation and:

A:Edema

B:Organ damage

C:Abscesses

D:Extreme thirst

15. Which infection leads to AIDS?

A:Epstein-Barr virus

B:Lyme disease

C:Human immunodeficiency virus

D:Systemic lupus

16. A general term for the swelling of soft tissue as a result of excess fluid accumulation, which is often most prominent in the lower legs and feet is:

A:Autoimmune diseases

B:Edema

C:Varicose veins

D:Anaphylaxis

17. Angioedema is defined as:

A:The rapid onset of localized swelling

B:The production of antibodies that cause damage to one's own tissue

C:Inflammation and fluid retention in the urinary bladder

D:The gradual accumulation of interstitial fluid in body tissue

18. A hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system where normally harmless substances are treated as if they are dangerous is:

A:Allergic reaction

B:IBD

C:Lymphedema

D:GERD

19. Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are:

A:Forms of Conn's syndrome

B:Autoimmune diseases

C:Chronic inflammatory tendon disorders

D:Wear-and-tear disorders

20.

21.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. C

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. D

6. A

7. C

8. A

9. C

10. C

11. A

12. C

13. A

14. B

15. C

16. B

17. A

18. A

19. B

20.

21.

The Digestive System

Terminology

Cholecystitis - Inflammation of the wall of the gallbladder occurring one time (acute) or recurring multiple times (chronic); often associated with the occurrence of gallstones (solid accumulations of the components of bile).

Cirrhosis - A chronic degenerative disease of the liver where normal liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue. Over time, the liver loses its ability to manufacture proteins and process hormones, nutrients, medications, and toxic material. Primary causes include alcoholism, and infections from hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

Colostomy - A surgical procedure used to create an artificial opening for urine and feces to be released from the body. A portion of the large intestine is brought through the abdominal wall to carry stool out of the body.

Constipation - A condition where bowel movements occur less often than usual, or consist of hard, dry stools that are painful or difficult to pass.

Diarrhea - A condition that causes the frequent elimination of waste from the body in a liquid rather than a solid form.

Diverticulitis - Inflammation of the diverticulum (especially of the small pockets in the wall of the colon) that fill with fecal material and become inflamed and abscessed, causing pain and fever.

Enteritis - Inflammation of the intestines (especially the small intestine) with a variety of causes including bacterial or viral infection, poisonous foods such as mushrooms or berries, or from chemicals present in food and drink. It also occurs as a consequence of overeating or alcoholic excesses.

Gastritis - Inflammation of the lining of the stomach, caused by a variety of issues and often related to infection from the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. The term is often used generally to describe symptoms of burning and discomfort in the stomach.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - A digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus and creating the sensation of "heartburn" (a burning sensation in the chest that can extend to the neck, throat, and face). GERD often affects pregnant women, and may also be related to hiatal hernia and the side effects of some medications.

Heartburn - A symptom of gastroesophageal reflux where stomach acid moves into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest that can extend to the neck, throat, and face. It is worsened by bending or laying down.

Hepatitis - Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin, and characterized by jaundice, liver enlargement, and fever. Several different viruses cause different forms of hepatitis (termed hepatitis A through G). Hepatitis A, B, and C are the most common forms.

Hepatitis A - A type of hepatitis spread through contaminated food, water, or by contact with feces. It usually resolves within a few weeks without medical intervention.

Hepatitis B - A type of hepatitis spread through many of the same routes as HIV but a hundred times more contagious than HIV. While many people recover fully from hepatitis B, some develop a chronic condition and become carriers of the disease. These people may develop varicose veins on the stomach and esophagus, cirrhosis of the liver, and liver cancer.

Hepatitis C - A type of hepatitis spread through contact with infected blood (often by drug users sharing needles but it can also spread through sexual contact and childbirth). Some people develop chronic infections and have an increased risk for cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Hiatal hernia - An anatomic abnormality (congenital or acquired) in which part of the stomach protrudes up through the diaphragm into the chest due to a larger-than-normal opening of the esophageal hiatus.

Hypoglycemia - A condition characterized by low blood sugar

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - A group of chronic intestinal diseases characterized by inflammation of the bowel (the large or small intestine). The most common types of IBD are ulcerative colitis affecting the large intestine, and Crohn's disease most often found in the ileum (the lower part of the small intestine).

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - A chronic functional disorder of the colon characterized by constipation or diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, and the passing of mucus in the stool. A collection of symptoms is considered IBS when they have been ongoing for at least 6 months and have occurred at least 3 times a month in the past 3 months. Causes are uncertain but are related to colon sensitivity, immune system responses to stress or infection, hormonal changes, or neurotransmitter stimulation.

Jaundice - The yellow staining of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by abnormally high blood levels of the bile pigment bilirubin. Jaundice can indicate liver or gallbladder dysfunction, the presence of a tumor, or the excessive breakdown of red blood cells.

Peptic ulcer - A loss of tissue in the mucosal lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer), the first part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcer), or the esophagus (esophageal ulcer), caused in part by the corrosive action of gastric juice and often related to the bacteria Helicobacter pylori.

Practice Quiz

1. The yellow staining of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by abnormally high blood levels of the bile pigment bilirubin is called:

A:Anaphylaxis

B:Apnea

C:Lupus

D:Jaundice

2. Inflammation of the gallbladder is called:

A:Enteritis

B:Hepatitis

C:Gastroenteritis

D:Cholecystitis

3. Inflammation of the small intestine is called:

A:Enteritis

B:Diverticulitis

C:Appendicitis

D:Colitis

4. Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus, or a toxin and characterized by jaundice, liver enlargement, and fever is generally called:

A:Gastroesophageal reflux disease

B:Cirrhosis

C:Cystic fibrosis

D:Hepatitis

5. Gastritis is inflammation of:

A:The colon

B:The GI tract

C:The stomach

D:The gallbladder

6. Jaundice is caused by a buildup of:

A:A bile pigment

B:Stomach acid

C:Digestive gas

D:Adhesions

7. Yellow in the skin and the whites of the eyes is a sign of:

A:Jaundice

B:Acid reflux

C:Gallstones

D:Gastritis

8. A type of hepatitis spread through many of the same routes as HIV, but a hundred times more contagious than HIV is:

A:Hepatitis C

B:Hepatitis G

C:Hepatitis A

D:Hepatitis B

9. What is the digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus and creating the sensation of heartburn?

A:Hepatitis B

B:Hepatitis C

C:IBD

D:GERD

10. A hiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach protrudes through the:

A:Diaphragm

B:Rib cage

C:Large intestine

D:Abdominal cavity

11. Carriers of this type of hepatitis may develop varicose veins on the stomach and esophagus, cirrhosis of the liver, and liver cancer:

A:Hepatitis B

B:Hepatitis C

C:Hepatitis G

D:Hepatitis A

12. The artificial construction of an opening of the colon through the abdominal wall is called:

A:Colostomy

B:Dysphagia

C:Diverticulitis

D:Hiatal hernia

13. Overly frequent and loose or fluid evacuations of the large intestine refers to:

A:Achalasia

B:Flatus

C:Diarrhea

D:Constipation

14. This type of hepatitis is spread through contact with infected blood (often by drug users sharing needles):

A:Hepatitis E

B:Hepatitis C

C:Hepatitis A

D:Hepatitis B

15. GERD stands for:

A:Gastroesophageal reduction disease

B:Gastroesophageal reflux disease

C:Gastroesophageal refuse disease

D:Gastric erosion reflux disease

16. The name for the group of disorders that cause inflammation in the intestines is:

A:Irritable bowel syndrome

B:Enteritis

C:Colitis

D:Inflammatory bowel disease

17. What type of hepatitis is spread through contaminated food, water, or by contact with feces, and usually resolves itself within a few weeks?

A:Hepatitis B

B:Hepatitis G

C:Hepatitis C

D:Hepatitis A

18. The LEAST threatening version of Hepatitis is type:

A:C

B:B

C:A

D:D

19. Hepatitis B is characterized by severe infections and:

A:Obesity

B:Gastritis

C:Cirrhosis

D:Acid reflux

20.

21.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. D

2. D

3. A

4. C

5. C

6. A

7. A

8. D

9. D

10. A

11. A

12. A

13. C

14. C

15. B

16. D

17. D

18. C

19. C

20.

21.

The Respiratory System

Terminology

Apnea - A sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing, or instances of shallow or infrequent breathing, during sleep. A pause in breathing, called an apnea, can last for several seconds to several minutes, and may occur 5–30 times or more in an hour.

Asthma - A chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchioles that causes them to spasm and swell periodically so that they narrow, obstructing normal air flow. Cold air, exercise, dust mites, pollutants in the air, stress, and anxiety are common causes.

Bronchitis - Inflammation and swelling of the bronchi. Bronchitis can be acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis is most often caused by a viral or bacterial infection but might also be caused by other irritants like tobacco smoke or air pollution. It causes a cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, headaches, and fatigue. Chronic bronchitis is defined as a cough that occurs every day with sputum production that lasts for at least 3 months, 2 years in a row. The primary cause is cigarette smoking, or other inhaled irritants.

Common cold - A contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory tract caused by many different viruses.

Cystic fibrosis - An inherited disease that affects the lungs, digestive system, sweat glands, and male fertility. The name derives from the fibrous scar tissue that develops in the pancreas, one of the primary organs it affects. The disease affects the body's ability to move salt and water in and out of cells, which causes the lungs and pancreas to secrete abnormally thick mucus that blocks passageways and prevents proper function. Children with cystic fibrosis develop a predisposition to bacterial infections.

Emphysema - A condition where the alveoli of the lungs become stretched out through repeated overinflation in the lungs, causing a decrease in lung function and breathlessness. It is caused mainly by smoking, but also by inherited defects.

Lung cancer - The uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung producing a malignant lung tumor that can spread beyond the lung and metastases to nearby tissue. The primary cause is smoking, but exposure to radon gas, asbestos, air pollution, and genetics, among others, can cause it.

Pneumonia - Inflammation of one or both lungs that is often, but not always, due to infection by a bacteria, virus, fungi, or parasite. Symptoms include fever, chills, cough with sputum production, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

Sinusitis - Inflammation of the sinuses most often caused by a bacterial infection with symptoms of nasal congestion, drainage from the nose, fever, headache pain, and pain over the sinuses and in the jaw and teeth. Symptoms from allergies can mimic the symptoms of sinusitis.

Tuberculosis - A bacterial infection that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in the body, but is most often found in the lungs. Many people who are exposed to tuberculosis never develop symptoms because the bacteria can live in an inactive form in the body. If the immune system weakens, the bacteria can become active and cause death of tissue in the organs they infect. It can be fatal if left untreated.

Practice Quiz

1. Which of the following disorders is usually the result of smoking?

A:Influenza

B:Asthma

C:Emphysema

D:Tuberculosis

2. This type of headache is typically associated with pain and pressure around the eyes, cheekbones, and forehead:

A:Cluster headache

B:Chronic tension headache

C:Traction headache

D:Sinus headache

3. People with asthma have difficulty breathing due to:

A:Narrowing of bronchial tubes

B:Narrowing of the trachea

C:Inflammation of the larynx or pharynx

D:Insufficient gas exchange in the lungs

4. A bacterial infection that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in the body but is most often found in the lungs is:

A:Tuberculosis

B:Cystic fibrosis

C:Metabolic syndrome

D:Emphysema

5. Apnea usually occurs during:

A:Physical exercise

B:Large meals

C:Exposure to extreme temperatures

D:Sleep

6. The uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung most often caused by smoking produces a:

A:Malignant lung tumor

B:Benign lung tumor

C:Pulmonary cirrhosis

D:Emphysemic lung tumor

7. Pneumonia is defined as:

A:The rapid and prolonged swelling of the throat

B:A chronic inflammatory disease of the alveoli

C:Inflammation of one or both bronchi

D:Inflammation of one or both lungs

8. All of the following can be caused by smoking EXCEPT:

A:Emphysema

B:Apnea

C:Lung cancer

D:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

9. Inflammation of the sinuses most often due to a bacterial infection is:

A:Pneumonia

B:Sinusitis

C:Cholecysitis

D:Emphysema

10. Pulmonary edema refers to the presence of what in the lungs?

A:Cancer

B:Allergic reaction

C:Tissue damage

D:Fluid

11. A cough that occurs every day with sputum production, that lasts for at least 3 months, 2 years in a row, defines:

A:Chronic angioedema

B:Pneumonia

C:Pneumonia cirrhosis

D:Chronic bronchitis

12. Cold air, exercise, dust mites, pollutants in the air, stress and anxiety are common causes of:

A:Asthma

B:Pneumonia

C:Emphysema

D:Sinusitis

13. People with asthma have difficulty breathing due to:

A:Insufficient gas exchange in the lungs

B:Narrowing of bronchial tubes

C:Narrowing of the trachea

D:Inflammation of the larynx or pharynx

14. This inherited disease causes the lungs and pancreas to secrete abnormally thick mucus that blocks passageways and prevents proper function:

A:Cystic fibrosis

B:Sinusitis

C:Tuberculosis

D:Emphysema

15. This genetic predisposition to bacterial infections due to excessive, thick mucus in the lungs and improper secretion of exocrine glands is called:

A:Cystic fibrosis

B:Cheyne-Strokes respiration

C:Asphyxia

D:Pleurisy

16. When a person has emphysema, which structure(s) of the respiratory system become stretched out and inelastic?

A:Bronchials

B:Trachea

C:Alveoli

D:Sinuses

17.

18.

19.

20.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. C

2. D

3. A

4. A

5. D

6. A

7. D

8. B

9. B

10. D

11. D

12. A

13.B

14. A

15. A

16. C

17.

18.

19.

20.