ABMP: Pathology

Pathology Basics

Terminology

Absolute contraindication - A situation, such as a significant fever, vomiting, a cold, etc., in which a client should not receive massage at all.

Acute - A general term that refers to a disease or injury with the sudden onset of severe signs and symptoms.

Acute stage - The initial stage of the inflammatory response, lasting between 48–72 hours, where the body aims to limit blood loss, inundate the injured area with healing components, and remove damaged tissue. Tissue swelling is reduced with cold hydrotherapy and elevation; use massage to reduce muscle spasm intensity, decrease sympathetic nervous system firing, maintain available pain-free range of motion, prevent re-injury, and encourage client self-care.

Adaptive measures - Ways of altering pressure or technique to accommodate a client's condition and ensure comfort during the massage session.

Adverse reaction (to massage) - An undesirable response to massage treatment in which the current symptoms of a client's condition are exacerbated or new symptoms occur.

Autoimmune diseases - Refers to diseases that occur when the immune system attacks normal body cells like it would an infectious agent.

Bacteria - One-celled living organisms, found in every environment on earth, that can live independently of a host.

Cancerous diseases - A group of diseases (e.g., skin cancer, liver cancer, etc.) caused by normal cells mutating and replicating uncontrollably.

Carcinogen - Any substance that is directly involved in causing cancer.

Chronic condition - Any illness or injury that produces long-lasting symptoms, usually for months or years.

Chronic inflammation - A condition where tissue repair and maturation do not progress normally and the tissue enters a recurrent inflammatory process.

Chronic pain - Pain that persists for a period of time long past the point of typical injury recovery, or in relation to an ongoing medical condition.

Compensating patterns - New behaviors that offset a weakness. For example, the body will adopt new movement patterns as a means to protect weakened or injured areas and to manage the resulting loss of function.

Congenital defects - A condition existing before birth, at birth, or during the first month of life that is characterized by structural deformities that involve defects in, or damage to, a developing fetus or baby.

Contraindication - Client conditions that render certain techniques or massage treatments inadvisable.

Deficiency diseases - Any disease resulting from an insufficient supply of vitamins, nutrients, calories, proteins, essential amino acids, or other elements necessary for health.

Diagnosis - The act of identifying a disease or condition by examining someone or something, which includes a statement that names the disease or conditions and may provide reasons for the disease or condition. Diagnosis is not included in the scope of practice for massage therapy.

Direct contact - Transmission of a pathogen through touch.

Disease - An abnormal condition that results in medically significant and recognizable signs and symptoms and often has a known cause.

Etiology - The study of the cause of a disease, factors that cause a disease, or the origins of a disease.

Flare-ups - A common term to describe periods when the signs and symptoms of a disease increase suddenly.

Fungus - Simple plant-like organisms that multiply through cell division and produce large numbers of spores.

Genetic disorders - A disease or condition caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome, especially a condition that is present from birth (congenital).

Homeostasis - The relative constancy of the body's internal environment maintained by adaptive responses, in spite of changing environmental conditions.

Idiopathic - A disease that does not have a known cause.

Indication - When a therapeutic treatment is likely to benefit a client and have no adverse reactions.

Indirect contact - Transmission of a pathogen through contact with an inanimate object (called a fomite).

Infection control - Practices to prevent the spread of disease (including practitioner hygiene), and the cleanliness and sanitation of the facility and equipment.

Infectious agents - Pathogens that cause infections like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and parasitic animals like lice and mites.

Infectious diseases - Conditions caused by an infectious agent (pathogen) spread by contact with another person or an animal, or to an infant from its mother.

Inflammatory response - The response of living tissue to injury or infection. To repair the damage done to tissue, the body rapidly reacts to an injury or invasion of foreign bodies with a series of specific vascular, chemical, and cellular events. It is characterized by redness, heat, loss of function, pain, and swelling of the tissue. Inflammation functions to protect the body from pathogens, limit the amount of tissue that is affected or contaminated, and begin the healing process.

Injury - Damage to the body's tissues caused by physical trauma or repetitive stress.

Insidious onset - When the onset of a disease is gradual and subtle.

Local contraindication - A condition, such as a broken bone, for which a client should not receive massage in that area but can still receive massage in other areas.

Malignant - Very serious and dangerous: tending or likely to grow and spread in a rapid and uncontrolled way that can cause death.

Maturation stage - The final phase of the inflammatory response where scar tissue formation slows and tissue is gradually able to withstand greater mechanical loads over time. Massage can balance muscular tension, reduce scar tissue, treat compensating structures, and encourage client self-care.

Metabolic diseases - A generic term for a wide range of conditions resulting from abnormal metabolic processes.

Metabolism - The complex physical and chemical processes that are necessary for the maintenance of life; includes anabolism (building) and catabolism (breaking down).

Metastasis - The spread of a disease-producing agent (e.g., cancer cells) from the initial or primary site of disease to another part of the body. It also refers to the process by which spreading occurs.

Oncology - The branch of medicine that studies cancer, malignancy, and tumors.

Palliative care - A multidisciplinary approach to health care for people facing serious illnesses.

Pathogen - Any producer of infectious disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

Pathology - The medical science concerned with disease or abnormal function.

Physician's release - A written document produced by a physician that clears a client to receive a treatment like massage.

Predisposing factors - Situations or tendencies that promote disease development or indicate that a person is at a higher risk for the development of a particular disease; also called risk factors.

Prognosis - A prediction of the probable course and outcome of the disease based on the condition of the patient and the doctor's knowledge of the disease.

Protozoa - Single-celled organisms regarded as the simplest form of life.

Remission - A period of partial or complete disappearance of disease signs and symptoms.

Repair stage - The second phase of the inflammatory response where new blood vessels develop and tissue regenerates. Also called the subacute stage. Early goals mimic acute stage goals. In the later repair stage, tissue health is improved with hot and cold contrast hydrotherapy; massage reduces trigger points and adhesions, promotes proper collagen alignment, increases range of motion, and encourages client self-care.

Risk factors - Situations or tendencies that promote disease development or indicate that a person is at a higher risk for the development of a particular disease; also called predisposing factors.

Signs - The objective evidence of a disease, condition, or physical disturbance gathered through assessment by the practitioner.

Standard/universal precautions - The Centers for Disease Control policy for controlling transmission of infections carried by blood and other bodily fluids.

Subacute - The second phase of the inflammatory response where new blood vessels develop and tissue regenerates. Also called the repair stage. It lasts up to 8 weeks.

Symptoms - The subjective evidence of a disease, condition, or physical disturbance reported by the client.

Syndrome - A group of signs or symptoms that occur together to present a pattern that defines a particular disease.

Systemic disease - A condition that is distributed throughout the body and is not concentrated in one area.

Terminal illness - A disease that is considered ultimately incurable and likely to cause death within a short period of time (typically a life expectancy of 6 months or less). An illness is considered terminal when there are no standard therapies to eliminate it from the body or cure it.

Trauma - A serious injury to a person's body, or a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes a person to have mental or emotional problems for a period of time following the experience.

Traumatic injury - An injury or wound to the body caused by an extreme external force.

Tumor - A mass of tissue found in or on the body that is made up of abnormal cells.

Vector transmission - Transmission of a pathogen via an insect or animal capable of transmitting disease.

Vehicle transmission - Transmission of a pathogen through air, food, or liquid taken into the body.

Virus - Pathogens that take over a host cell, causing the cell nucleus to replicate both its own genetic material and that of the virus.

Practice Quiz

1. Inflammation is:

a. The body’s response to anti-inflammatory ointment

b. The body’s response to low levels of oxytocin

c. The body’s response to sunlight

d. The body’s response to infection

2. What are symptoms?

a. Subjective experiences of disease

b. Objective indicators of disease

c. Causative agents of disease

d. Factors that predispose a person to disease

3. A serious injury to a person's body, or a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes a person to have mental or emotional problems for a period of time following the experience, is known as:

a. Depression syndromes

b. Trauma

c. Pathogenic response

d. Inflammation

4. Your client is in the maturation stage of the post-surgical inflammatory response. What is the best approach to the surgical site?

a. Assist scar tissue realignment with gentle friction techniques

b. Avoid the area entirely until the maturation stage is complete

c. Assign your client strength training exercises

d. Perform resisted joint movement directly to the repairing tissue

5. What does idiopathic mean?

a. A disease with a known etiology

b. A disease with a known pathogen

c. A disease with a known cause

d. A disease that does not have a known cause

6. What is an example of an objective indicator?

a. Heat and swelling in the ankle region

b. A stomachache

c. The report of pain in the lumbar region

d. A headache

7. When an injury site does not progress normally through the maturation stage of the healing process, it is referred to as what?

a. Acute inflammation

b. Chronic inflammation

c. Pathogenic inflammation

d. Subacute inflammation

8. Practices meant to prevent the spread of disease are generally referred to as:

a. Infection control

b. Sanitation control

c. Contraindications

d. First aid

9. A primary goal of massage therapy in the latter repair stage of the inflammatory response is to:

a. Limit blood loss

b. Promote proper collagen alignment

c. Reduce swelling

d. Build strength

10. A prediction of the probable course and outcome of the disease based on the condition of the patient and the doctor's knowledge of the disease is referred to as a:

a. Idiopathy

b. Etiology

c. Pharmacology

d. Prognosis

11. What is the transmission of a pathogen through touch called?

a. Indirect contact

b. Idiopathic contact

c. Subdirect contact

d. Direct contact

12. Pathogens that take over a host cell, causing the cell nucleus to replicate both its own genetic material and that of the pathogen, is called a:

a. Virus

b. Protozoa

c. Fungi

d. Pathonimist

13. What are signs?

a. Factors that predispose a person to disease

b. Objective indicators of disease

c. Causative agents of disease

d. Subjective experiences of disease

14. A systemic disease:

a. Is distributed throughout the body and is not concentrated in one area

b. Is located in one region of the body

c. Is caused by changes in a person's environment that affect the person on multiple levels

d. Is caused by psychotropic factors that lead to body-mind confusion

15. Transmission of a pathogen through contact with an inanimate object called a fomite is known as:

a. Indirect contact

b. Direct contact

c. Vector transmission

d. Vehicular transmission

16. A disease that does not have a known cause is called:

a. Pathogenic

b. Idiopathic

c. Etiologic

d. Pandemic

17. An example of a symptom is:

a. Headache pain

b. High blood pressure

c. Heat and swelling in the ankle region

d. A skin rash

18. Etiologic agents include:

a. Swelling

b. Redness

c. Viruses

d. Pain

19. Transmission of a pathogen via an insect or animal capable of transmitting disease is called:

a. Vector transmission

b. Metabolic transmission

c. Indirect transmission

d. Homeostatic transmission

20. What is a tumor?

a. A bony landmark

b. An abnormal growth of tissue

c. A normal growth of tissue

d. A bump on a bone

21. A key physiological response to acute inflammation is:

a. Limit blood loss

b. Scar tissue formation

c. Formation of ground substance

d. Development of strength

22. What is a substance capable of causing cancer?

a. Vector

b. Fungi

c. Carcinogen

d. Protozoa

23. What does etiology mean?

a. Factors that cause disease, or the origins of a disease

b. When a number of deaths resulting from a disease are tallied in a given time period

c. Signs and symptoms of a disease

d. A group of signs or symptoms that occur together to present a pattern that defines a particular disease

24. Viruses, bacteria, congenital defects, genetic disorders, metabolic dysfunction, and trauma are:

a. Idiopathic agents

b. Pandemic agents

c. Etiologic agents

d. Anti-inflammatory agents

25. The relative constancy of the body's internal environment maintained by adaptive responses, in spite of changing environmental conditions is referred to as:

a. Cryogenic stasis

b. Homeostasis

c. Homeostenosis

d. Metabolic stasis

26. Symptoms that occur in the 4–8 weeks following an injury (when the body is recovering but not yet at 100% strength or capability) are referred to as:

a. Acute

b. Traumatic

c. Chronic

d. Subacute

27. What is a common sign associated with inflammation?

a. Flu-like symptoms

b. Clamminess

c. Redness

d. Anxiety

28. What is disease?

a. A situation where localized blood flow causes predictable symptoms of nausea and headache

b. A condition of abnormal function involving redness, heat, swelling, and pain

c. A condition of abnormal function involving structures of body systems

d. A situation where the increased volume of erythrocytes lead to common symptoms of rapid heartbeat and higher metabolism

29. A period of complete disappearance of disease signs and symptoms is called:

a. Remission

b. Inflammatory response

c. Etiological response

d. Flare

30. A multidisciplinary approach to health care for people facing serious illnesses is often called:

a. Therapeutic intervention

b. Wellness care

c. Palliative care

d. Pathogenic intervention

31. Diseases are characterized by recognizable:

a. Etiology and idiopathy

b. Symptoms and idiopathy

c. Signs and etiology

d. Signs and symptoms

32. The general timeframe for subacute inflammation is:

a. Initial injury to 24 hours

b. Up to six months

c. Up to eight weeks

d. Initial injury to 72 hours

33. What is a group of signs or symptoms that occur together to present a pattern that defines a particular disease?

a. Causative agents

b. A pandemic

c. A factor

d. A syndrome

34. One function of inflammation in the body is to:

a. Protect the mucosal lining

b. Protect the body from pathogenic invasion

c. Protect the kidneys from kidney stones

d. Protect the body from low levels of oxytocin

35. Pain that persists for a long period of time past the point of typical injury recovery, or in relationship to an ongoing medical condition is called:

a. Pathogenic pain

b. Acute pain

c. Chronic pain

d. Subacute pain

36. What is another name for risk factors?

a. Idiopathic factors

b. Predisposing factors

c. Systemic factors

d. Pandemic factors

37. Risk factors are:

a. Situations where inflammation becomes extremely dangerous and may lead to serious complications

b. Diseases that have unknown causes and may be spread in ways humans cannot predict

c. Situations or tendencies that promote disease development or indicate that a person is at a higher risk for the development of a particular disease

d. A disease that is distributed throughout the body and therefore has multiple signs and symptoms that may cause secondary injury

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. D

2. A

3. B

4. A

5. D

6. A

7. B

8. A

9. B

10. D

11. D

12. A

13. B

14. A

15. A

16. B

17. A

18. C

19. A

20. B

21. A

22. C

23. A

24. C

25. B

26. D

27. C

28. C

29. A

30. C

31. D

32. C

33. D

34. B

35. C

36. B

Medications

Terminology

Adverse reaction (to medications) - Side effects that are extreme, unusual, and/or place the client at serious risk, including an allergic reaction to a medication.

Anti-Parkinson medications - Medications that include anticholinergic medications that reduce the tremors associated with Parkinson's disease, and dopaminergic medications that improve motor function through dopamine concentration and neurotransmission in the brain. Side effects include agitation, confusion, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, heart palpitations, hypotension, insomnia, nausea, and restlessness.

Anti-infective medications - Medications that include antibacterial, antiviral, antitubercular, and antifungal medications that eliminate microorganisms or disrupt microorganism life cycles to prevent or treat infections. Side effects include nausea.

Antianginal medications - Medications that increase the supply of oxygen to the heart and may cause side effects including dizziness, fatigue, flushing, headache, hypotension, and weakness.

Antianxiety medications - Medications (also called sedatives) that reduce anxiety or induce sleep in conditions like insomnia. Barbiturate sedatives depress the central nervous system and cause dependence and so are used for short periods of time only when a condition is severe. Side effects include diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, drowsiness, fatigue, gastric irritation, headache, hypotension, muscle weakness, nausea, palpitations, vertigo, and vomiting.

Antiarrhythmic medications - Medications that normalize irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) and may cause side effects including anxiety, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, fatigue, headache, hypotension, insomnia, peripheral neuropathy, tremor, and weakness. Avoid stimulating techniques like tapotement or rhythmic compressions for clients taking these medications.

Anticoagulant medications - Medications that reduce the ability of the blood to clot that are often used in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis, stroke, and heart disease, and to prevent the movement of a blood clot. Side effects include easy bruising and bleeding.

Anticonvulsant medications - Medications that control seizures associated with epilepsy, or for short-term use to control seizures after brain surgery or brain trauma. Side effects include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, fatigue, hair loss, headache, hypotension, indigestion, irritability, restlessness, sweating, and tremor.

Antidepressant medications - Medications that reduce depression or the symptoms of affective disorders (disturbances in mood) and used to treat phobias, neurodermatitis (nervous skin disorders), and other behavioral symptoms. Often antidepressants are known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Side effects include anorexia, blurred vision, constipation, decreased sex drive, dizziness, dry mouth, drowsiness, edema, hair loss, hypertension, insomnia, lethargy, joint pain, muscle weakness, nausea, photosensitivity, rash, sudden blood pressure drop, and vomiting.

Antidiabetic medications - Medications including insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs that lower blood glucose levels and glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels. Side effects include bruising or scar tissue formation at the injection site, diarrhea, fatigue, flatulence, flushing, funny taste in mouth, heartburn, headache, hypoglycemia, nausea, photosensitivity, and vomiting.

Antidiarrheal medications - Medications including insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs that lower blood glucose levels and glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels. Side effects include bruising or scar tissue formation at the injection site, diarrhea, fatigue, flatulence, flushing, funny taste in mouth, heartburn, headache, hypoglycemia, nausea, photosensitivity, and vomiting.

Antihistamine medications - Medications that block histamine to combat allergic reactions. Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, hypertension, hypotension, increased heart rate, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, nausea, and vomiting.

Antihypertensive medications - Medications that reduce blood pressure and are used to treat hypertension (may include vasodilators and diuretics). Side effects include depression, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, hypotension, numbness and tingling in the periphery, and weight gain.

Antilipemic medications - Medications that lower cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid levels to treat atherosclerosis and to lower the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Side effects include constipation, fatigue, flatulence, headache, and nausea.

Antipsychotic medications - Medications that reduce or control symptoms like delusions and hallucinations in conditions like schizophrenia or extreme agitation. Side effects, if they occur, are usually adverse and require medical intervention.

Antitussive medications - Medications that suppress coughing. Side effects include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, and nasal congestion.

Antiulcer medications - Medications that eliminate Helicobacter pylori, a bacterial infection that causes peptic ulcers, or medications that balance acid and pepsin secretions and soothe mucosal membranes in the lower esophagus, stomach, and/or small intestine. Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, flatulence, headache, and nausea.

Anxiety (side effect) - A side effect of many medications that includes sensations of apprehension, uneasiness of mind, or fear that is characterized by physiological signs such as sweating and increased heart rate and breathing patterns. Massage is indicated for this side effect.

Cancer medications - A variety of medications that are used to combat many different forms of cancer. Side effects of cancer medications are serious and include fatigue, hair loss, low red and white blood cell count, low platelet count, nausea, and vomiting.

Cardiac glycosides - Medications that strengthen heart contractions, reduce heart rate, and regulate heart rate. Side effects include dizziness, hypotension, muscle weakness, and fatigue.

Chemotherapy - The use of chemical agents to stop cancer cells from growing; over 50% of people diagnosed with cancer receive chemotherapy. Other related drugs help people remain on their chemotherapy regime.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) medications - Medications that reduce bronchial spasm, increase sensitivity to carbon dioxide in the brain's respiratory centers to stimulate respiration, and decrease fatigue on the diaphragm. These medications are used to treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Side effects include anxiety, cough, dizziness, dry mouth, insomnia, irritability, restlessness, and tremors. Tapotement or rapid compression techniques are contraindicated for clients on these medications

Constipation (side effect) - A side effect of many medications in which bowel movements occur less often than usual or consist of hard, dry stools that are painful or difficult to pass. Gentle abdominal massage is indicated for this side effect.

Decongestant medications - Medications that constrict blood vessels in the nose and sinuses to open blocked air passages. Side effects include anxiety, dry mucus membranes in the nose, elevated blood pressure, insomnia, and restlessness.

Diuretic medications - Medications that increase the excretion of water and electrolytes by the kidneys in the treatment of hypertension. Side effects include breast soreness, drowsiness, headache, hypotension, and muscle cramps.

Dizziness (side effect) - A side effect of many medications that includes sensations of lightheadedness, unsteadiness, and vertigo. Clients experiencing this side effect will need support as they get on and off the massage table.

Drug - A general term for a medication prescribed by a physician to treat a particular condition, purchased over-the-counter without a prescription to treat a particular condition, or categorized as an illegal substance such as cocaine or heroin. Alcohol and cigarettes have active substances that classify them as drugs.

Drug reference - A book, such as the Nursing Drug Handbook, that lists the names of medications, describes their effects, and lists their side effects and adverse effects.

Easy bruising (side effect) - A common side effect of anticoagulant medications that contraindicates the use of deep massage work, compression techniques, friction, or tapotement strokes.

Expectorant medications - Medications that thin mucus so that it is easier for the body to clear them from the respiratory system and also soothing for mucus membranes for conditions including coughs and bronchial irritation. Side effects include drowsiness.

Fatigue (side effect) - A side effect of many medications that includes sensations of physical or mental exhaustion. Massage may increase sensations of fatigue; stimulating strokes may be indicated at the conclusion of the massage to counteract this side effect.

Hair loss (side effect) - A side effect of some anticonvulsant medications, antidepressant medications (particularly lithium), and chemotherapy, where hair thins and falls out on the scalp. Massage of the scalp is contraindicated.

Hypertension (side effect) - A side effect of many medications where blood pressure is increased. Mild hypertension does not contraindicate massage. Moderate hypertension requires a physician's release. Severe hypertension contraindicates massage.

Hypoglycemia (side effect) - A side effect of antidiabetic medications in which glucose in the blood becomes too low (as a result of the client taking their medication but not eating properly, or the dosage of the medication is too high). Massage increases the use of glucose and insulin in the body, which can lead to hypoglycemic reactions. Keep some form of sugar available, such as orange juice, in the event the client experiences a hypoglycemic reaction.

Hypotension (side effect) - A side effect of many medications where blood pressure is mildly decreased, leading to dizziness. Support clients when they get on and off the massage table to prevent falling accidents.

Injection site - The location on the body where a medication has been injected into the tissue, sometimes causing soreness, bruising, or scar tissue. Massage is a local contraindication at recent injection sites.

Insulin shock - Severe hypoglycemia that is associated with the presence of excessive insulin in the system. If left untreated, it may result in convulsions and progressive development of coma.

Laxative medications - Medications that draw water into the intestine to promote bowel distention and peristalsis, soften stools, and promote defecation. Side effects include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fatigue, flatulence, a funny taste in the mouth, irritated rectum, sore throat, and weakness.

Muscle relaxant medications - Medications that reduce muscle spasms, and reduce muscle pain to treat acute, painful muscle conditions. Because the protective stretch reflex is inhibited under many of these drugs, practitioners should avoid vigorous stretching or range of motion exercises. Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, heartburn, hypotension, and nausea.

Narcotic analgesic medications - Medications that are used to reduce severe pain in acute illness, some chronic conditions, and terminal illness, or for use to reduce anxiety before anesthesia. Side effects include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, euphoria, flushing, hypotension, and pupil constriction.

Nausea (side effect) - A side effect of many medications in which a person experiences unease and discomfort in the upper stomach, with a mild, involuntary urge to vomit. Mild nausea without vomiting does not contraindicate the massage so long as the client wishes to proceed. Nausea that includes vomiting is contraindicated.

Non-narcotic analgesic medications - Medications used to reduce pain, fever, and in some cases inflammation. Side effects include dizziness and mild stomach upset.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) - Medications that reduce inflammation and pain. Side effects include diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, and nausea.

Over-the-counter medications - Usually a synthesized chemical that is purchased by a consumer to treat a particular condition that does not require a physician's prescription.

Peripheral neuropathy (side effect) - A side effect of some medications that includes numbness, weakness, tingling, or burning pain in the nerves of the extremities. Deep massage work and hydrotherapy are contraindicated due to decreased sensation.

Pharmacology - The science and study of drugs including their sources, chemistry, production, and use in treating diseases.

Physician's release - A written document produced by a physician clearing a client to receive a treatment like massage.

Prescription medications - Usually a synthesized chemical that is prescribed by a physician to treat a particular condition.

Radiation - The use of particles or waves to kill cancer cells or to shrink tumors. Side effects are serious and include dental problems, bladder and fertility problems, high levels of stress, and emotional disturbances.

Radioactive iodine - An isotope of the chemical element iodine that is radioactive and used in some treatments for hyperthyroid conditions. A physician's release is required for anyone using radioactive iodine within the last 12 weeks.

Reduced pain sensitivity (medications) - A side effect of antidepressant, muscle relaxants, narcotic analgesic, non-narcotic analgesic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, and steroid medications. Deep massage work is contraindicated. The use of narcotic analgesics indicates a serious condition and requires a physician's release for massage.

Sex-hormone medications - Estrogen is used in hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms, as well as for ovarian dysfunction or the removal of ovaries. It is also used in birth control medications. Progesterone is used for menopausal symptoms, pre-menstrual syndrome, and in combination with estrogen for birth control. Side effects may be extensive and include breast swelling, bleeding between menstrual cycles, bloating, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, and weight gain.

Side effects (of medications) - A secondary effect of a medication that goes beyond the desired effect, or causes unwanted responses in addition to the therapeutic effect. Elderly people often experience greater side effects from medications than younger people.

Steroid medications - Medications that suppress immune responses and decrease inflammation to treat inflammatory disorders like arthritis. They may also be applied topically for skin conditions. Side effects include hypertension, fluid retention, insomnia, and suppressed immunity. Long-term use can lead to weakened connective tissue, muscle wasting, and decreased bone density.

Tachycardia (side effect) - A side effect of many medications that causes a heart rhythm disorder when the heart beats too fast; usually defined as greater than 100 beats per minute.

Thyroid medications - Medications that reduce or increase thyroid hormones for conditions of thyroid deficiency (hypothyroidism) or thyroid excess (hyperthyroidism). Side effects include abdominal cramps, angina, anxiety, arrhythmias, diarrhea, fever, headache, hypertension, increased body temperature, insomnia, menstrual changes, palpitations, rapid heart rate, weight loss, and others.

Vasodilators - Medications that dilate veins, arteries, or both to treat hypertension. Side effects include headache, hypotension, and fatigue.

Vertigo (side effect) - A side effect of many medications that causes sensations of motion in which a person's surroundings seem to whirl. Provide support to a client as he or she gets on or off the massage table to prevent falling accidents.

Vomiting (side effect) - A side effect of many medications in which food and liquid are involuntarily disgorged from the stomach through the mouth. Vomiting contraindicates massage.

Weakened connective tissue (side effect) - A side effect related to long-term use of steroids, which is often accompanied by muscle wasting and decreased bone density. Avoid deep massage work, compression strokes, myofascial techniques, and stretching techniques.

Practice Quiz

1. The faster-than-normal heart beat that is a side effect of many medications is referred to as:

a. Hypertension

b. Arrhythmia

c. Angina

d. Tachycardia

2. This drug is commonly taken by people with diabetes and is administered either by multiple daily injections or through a pump:

A:Coumadin

B:Synthroid

C:Insulin

D:Lipitor

3. Medications that dilate veins, arteries, or both to treat hypertension are called:

A:Diuretics

B:Antidiarrheal medications

C:Vasodilators

D:Antitussive medications

4. What is the primary purpose of antianginal medications?

A:Increase the supply of oxygen to the heart

B:Reduce the ability of the blood to clot

C:Control seizures associated with epilepsy

D:Normalize irregular heart rhythm

5. The acronym SSRI, which indicates a certain type of antidepressant, stands for:

A:Selective statin retinol instigators

B:Sympathetic stimulation recurrence instigators

C:Sympathetic system regulation inhibitors

D:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

6. What is the primary purpose of antihistamine medications?

A:Lower blood glucose levels

B:Increase the supply of oxygen to the heart

C:Block histamine to combat allergic reactions

D:Decrease the peristaltic movement of the intestines

7. The location on the body where a medication has been introduced into the tissue, sometimes causing soreness, bruising, or scar tissue is called a(n):

A:Injection site

B:Tender point

C:Trigger point

D:Medication site

8. Easy bruising is a common side effect of:

A:Antidepressant medications

B:Thyroid medications

C:Anticoagulant medications

D:Steroid medications

9. A decrease in blood pressure that sometimes results in dizziness is called:

A:Hypotension

B:Hypertension

C:Vertigo

D:Fatigue

10. Myofascial techniques and deep work are not used when a client is taking this type of medication because connective tissue is weakened:

A:Sex hormone medications

B:Steroids

C:Laxative medications

D:Thyroid medications

11. Hair loss is associated with these medications and contraindicates scalp massage:

A:Antidiarrheal and antihistamine medications

B:Antianginal and antiarrhythmic medications

C:Anticonvulsant and antidepressant medications

D:Anticoagulant and antidiabetic medications

12. Massage increases the use of these chemicals related to diabetes:

A:Endorphins and enkephalins

B:Growth hormone and oxytocin

C:Serotonin and dopamine

D:Glucose and insulin

13. The A in NSAID stands for:

A:Arterial

B:Adverse

C:Anti-

D:Arrhythmia

14. What is the primary purpose of antidepressant medications?

A:Reduce depression

B:Block histamine to combat allergic reactions

C:Lower blood glucose levels

D:Decrease the peristaltic movement of the intestines

15. What is the primary purpose of thyroid medications?

A:Reduce inflammation caused by hyperthyroidism

B:Suppress immune responses

C:Eliminate thyroid hormones

D:Reduce or increase thyroid hormones

16. You would avoid deep work for clients taking muscle relaxants because:

A:Clients are likely to have reduced sensitivity to pain

B:Clients are likely to have anxiety and sleep disruptions

C:Clients are likely to have flaccid muscles

D:Clients are likely to have increased range of motion

17. With diabetic clients, massage therapists should be aware that:

A:Massage increases the use of glucose and insulin

B:Massage could cause bruising due to the anticlotting ingredients in antidiabetic medications

C:Medial thigh massage is contraindicated because of varicose veins

D:Scalp massage is contraindicated because antidiabetic medications weaken the hair shaft

18. The use of lithium for depression contraindicates the use of:

A:Petrissage

B:Effleurage

C:Scalp massage

D:Foot massage

19. A side effect of many medications that includes sensations of apprehension, uneasiness of mind, or fear that is characterized by physiological signs such as sweating and increased heart rate and breathing patterns is called:

A:Dizziness

B:Fatigue

C:Anxiety

D:Vertigo

20. If the client experiences peripheral neuropathy as a side effect of a medication:

A:The use of a heat pack is indicated

B:Any massage work on the extremities is contraindicated

C:Deep massage work is contraindicated

D:The use of a cold pack is indicated

21. What is the primary purpose of laxative medications:

A:Increase the excretion of water and electrolytes by the kidneys

B:Lower cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids levels

C:Constrict blood vessels in the nose and sinuses to open blocked air passages

D:Promote bowel distention, peristalsis, stool softness, and defecation

22. What is the primary purpose of decongestant medications?

A:Eliminate the bacterial agent that causes peptic ulcers

B:Lower cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids levels

C:Reduce bronchial spasm, stimulate respiration, and decrease diaphragm fatigue

D:Constrict blood vessels in the nose and sinuses to open blocked air passages

23. What is the primary purpose of decongestant medications?

A:Reduce anxiety

B:Suppress immune responses and decrease inflammation

C:Reduce severe pain in acute illness

D:Reduce muscle spasm and muscle pain

24. Because peripheral neuropathy can be a side effect of antiarrhythmic medications, this should be avoided on the extremities without a physician's release:

A:The use of petrissage

B:The use of passive range of motion techniques

C:The use of gliding strokes

D:The use of hot hydrotherapy

25. What is the primary purpose of antifungal medications?

A:Lower blood glucose levels

B:Eliminate certain microorganisms or disrupt microorganism life to treat infections

C:Decrease the peristaltic movement of the intestines

D:Control seizures associated with epilepsy

26. The science and study of drugs including their sources, chemistry, production, and use in treating diseases is known as:

A:Pharmacology

B:Etiology

C:Apothecology

D:Pathology

27. What is the primary purpose of anti-Parkinson medications?

A:Lower cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids levels

B:Reduce tremors and/or improve motor function

C:Reduce depression

D:Reduce the ability of the blood to clot

28.

29.

30.

31.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. D

2. C

3. C

4. A

5. D

6. C

7. A

8. C

9. A

10. B

11. C

12. D

13. C

14. A

15. D

16. A

17. A

18. C

19. C

20. C

21. D

22. D

23. D

24. D

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

The Integumentary System

Terminology

Abrasion - A form of skin damage characterized by scrapes that penetrate the epidermis.

Abscess - A local accumulation of pus anywhere in the body. A skin abscess is known as a boil.

Acne rosacea - Often referred to simply as rosacea. An idiopathic, noncontagious chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by progressive signs and symptoms including flushing of the skin, general inflammation of the face and eyes, the formation of papules and pustules, and permanent thickening and distortion of facial skin.

Acne vulgaris - A noncontagious, inflammatory bacterial infection of the sebaceous glands affecting the face, upper back, and chest, and consisting of blackheads, whiteheads, cysts, papules, and pustules and occurring primarily during puberty and adolescence.

Actinic keratosis - A precancerous condition that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma characterized by brown or red scaly lesions that form sores that crust and do not heal normally. It is usually found on the forehead, tops of the ears, hands, or other areas often exposed to the sun.

Angioma - A benign tumor derived from cells of the vascular or lymphatic vessel walls (endothelium) or from cells of the tissue surrounding these vessels.

Atopic dermatitis - A common type of dermatitis characterized by red, flaky, and dry patches occurring in creases (e.g., sides of the nose, knees, elbows, ankles, and hands).

Avulsion - A form of damage where something has been ripped off (e.g., skin, an ear, a finger, etc.).

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) - The most common form of skin cancer characterized by a slow-growing tumor of epithelial cells in the stratum basal of the epidermis that looks like a small, hard lump with rounded edges and a sunken middle. It often appears on the face, bridge of the nose, or the eyebrow.

Blackheads - A common name for open comedo consisting of a widened hair follicle filled with skin debris, bacteria, and sebum. Not to be confused with a whitehead or closed comedo, which has an obstructed opening and may rupture to cause a low-grade skin inflammatory reaction.

Blanching - To become white or pale in response to vasoconstriction that reduces blood flow to the skin or mucous membranes.

Blister - A common name for a vesicle, which is a small circumscribed elevation of the epidermis containing fluid.

Body lice (Pediculus humanus) - A contagious condition where tiny insects (Pediculus humanus) live in the seams of human clothing and suck blood from the host, causing itchiness. This condition is most often seen in homeless populations. The presence of body lice contraindicates massage; contamination of the treatment space with lice requires extensive sanitation procedures to eradicate the infestation before a return to business procedures.

Boil - A contagious bacterial infection of the skin caused by staphylococcus aureus and characterized by red, painful pustules on the skin that occur singly (furuncle) or in clusters (carbuncles). Also commonly referred to as an abscess.

Burn - A type of skin injury where damage causes skin cells to die. Burns are caused by sun overexposure, dry heat, wet heat, electricity, radiation, fire, extreme cold, and harmful chemicals. They are characterized by mild inflammation (first-degree burn), blistering and damage to the epidermis (second-degree burn), and white or black charred edges indicating damage to the dermis (third-degree burns). Small, first-degree burns are a local contraindication.

Callus - A toughened area of keratin that causes the skin to become thick and hard in response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation; most often found on the feet.

Carbuncle - A contagious bacterial infection of the skin caused by Staphylococcus aureus and composed of several boils that are filled with fluid, pus, and dead tissue.

Cellulitis - A streptococcal infection of the deeper layers of the skin characterized by redness and tenderness at the site (unusually found on the legs and face), and accompanied by fever, headache, and fatigue when it involves the circulatory and lymphatic system.

Closed comedone - The medical name for a whitehead consisting of a widened hair follicle filled with skin debris, bacteria, and sebum with an obstructed opening to the skin which may rupture to cause a low-grade skin inflammatory reaction. Not to be confused with a blackhead or open comedone.

Contact dermatitis - A condition resulting from simple irritation due to an allergic reaction or from prolonged contact with irritating substances. Poison ivy, poison oak, and skin reactions to metals, detergents, dyes, chemicals, and latex may trigger contact dermatitis.

Contagious skin conditions - Pathologies that can be spread from person to person through skin-to-skin contact; related to fungi, bacteria, viruses, or parasites. These include ringworm, Staphylococcus aureus, herpes simplex virus, scabies, lice, and others.

Crabs - A common name for a lice infestation of the pubic hair, armpit hair, and coarse body hair of humans.

Cyanosis - The appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to low oxygen saturation.

Cysts - A closed capsule or sac-like structure filled with liquid, semi-solid, or gaseous material that can occur within tissue and affect any area of the body. Cysts vary in size from microscopic to large enough to displace internal organs.

Decubitus ulcers - A type of ulcer caused by impaired circulation to the skin; appears as an open wound and is vulnerable to infection. Commonly called bedsores.

Dermatitis - A general term meaning "skin inflammation" and used to describe non-infectious conditions including various forms of eczema and contact dermatitis.

Dermatophytes - Fungi that require keratin for growth and cause superficial infections of the skin, hair, and nails.

Dermatophytosis - A disease caused by fungi or a fungal infection in, or on, a part of the body; also known as fungal infections or mycoses.

Diagnostic features of malignant melanoma - Health-care providers, including massage practitioners, may spot melanoma before the patient or client and so should be aware of the diagnostic features related to melanoma. They are A: Asymmetrical (watch for a mole that has an irregular shape); B: Border (watch for borders of "moles" that are irregular and fade into the skin at the edges); C: Color (watch for moles that lack consistent color as melanomas are typically multicolored combinations of black, brown, and purple); D: Diameter (melanomas are usually bigger than moles, which do not grow beyond 6 mm across); E: Elevated (melanomas are usually elevated from the skin and may snag on things and bleed).

Dyshidrosis - A type of eczema characterized by vesicles on the hands and feet.

Eczema - A group of disorders characterized by hypersensitivity reactions expressed in the skin. When new, the condition appears red and elevated with small vesicles containing a clear fluid. When the blisters break, the affected skin will weep and ooze. In chronic eczema, vesicles are less prominent and the skin is thickened, elevated, itchy, and scaling.

Excoriations - A form of skin damage characterized by scratches to the skin's surface that cause raw, irritated lesions.

Fissures - A form of skin damage where the skin dries and cracks.

Freckles - A type of skin patch caused by concentrations of melanin in the skin and often appearing on fair-skinned people.

Fungal infections (of the skin) - Fungal infections of the skin (also called mycoses) that involve several different types of fungi (also called dermatophytes). Common infections include tinea corporis (body ringworm), tinea capitis (head ringworm), tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea manus (hand ringworm), tinea barbae (ringworm on the bearded area of the face), and others.

Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) - A contagious condition of the scalp where tiny insects (Pediculus humanus capitis) live in the hair and suck blood from the host causing itchiness, the sensation of movement on the scalp, and the presence of nits (eggs) that resemble tiny grains of rice clinging to hair shafts. The presence of head lice contraindicates massage; contamination of the treatment space with lice requires extensive sanitation procedures to eradicate the infestation before a return to business procedures.

Herpes simplex - A contagious viral infection characterized by cold sores or fever blisters on the face or around the mouth (oral herpes); blisters around the genitals, thighs, or buttocks (genital herpes); or blisters around the nail beds of the hands (herpes whitlow).

Hives - A noncontagious inflammatory skin reaction to an allergen or emotional stress characterized by areas of intense heat, swelling, raised reddened weals, red irregular patches, and itchiness.

Impetigo - A very contagious bacterial skin infection caused by staphylococcus aureus, or more rarely streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Most often occurring in children and characterized by crusty lesions and blisters that seep fluid usually around the nose, mouth, inside the nostrils, or ear canals.

Incision - A form of skin damage whereby the tissue has been cut.

Keloid scar - A sharply elevated, red, and irregularly shaped scar caused by excessive collagen formation in the dermis following trauma or incision.

Laceration - A form of skin damage characterized by rips and tears in the tissue.

Lentigo - A type of skin patch, similar to a freckle but larger, that usually appears on older people. They are not associated with liver function but are commonly called "liver spots."

Lipoma - A benign tumor composed of adipose tissue that is soft to the touch, usually moveable, and generally painless. They range in size from under 1–6 centimeters.

Macule - A flat, distinct, discolored area of skin that does not involve any change in the thickness or texture of the skin (e.g., freckle). It is often a symptom of medical conditions such as vitiligo and rosacea, but not to be confused with a papule (a rounded bump rising from the skin surface) or a vesicle (a small elevation of the epidermis containing fluid).

Malignant melanoma - A form of skin cancer arising from the melanocyte cells of the skin that begin to replicate uncontrollably and invade nearby structures or spread to other organs in the body. The cancer often starts in a preexisting mole. The mole begins to change shape, size, and color; it thickens, becomes elevated, and may be itchy and bleed around the edges.

Mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) - A contagious condition of the skin (also called scabies) caused by tiny insects that live in warm, moist skin areas, drink blood, defecate, urinate, and lay eggs leading to an itchy allergic reaction in most hosts that cause scratching and the potential for secondary infections. The presence of mites contraindicates massage; contamination of a treatment space with mites requires extensive sanitation procedures to eradicate the infestation before a return to business procedures.

Moles - A neoplastic skin condition characterized by small circular or oval brown to black marks on the skin where the pigment cells in the epidermis have produced excess melanin. Massage is safe. Moles are symmetrical in shape and color. If an established mole begins to change size, shape, or color, or if it becomes itchy, painful, or bleeds, it should be investigated by a physician as such changes may indicate malignant melanoma.

Mycoses - A disease caused by fungi or a fungal infection in, or on, a part of the body (commonly referred to as fungal infections).

Neoplastic skin disorders - Various types of abnormal masses in skin tissue, including cancerous and noncancerous growths.

Noncontagious inflammatory skin disorder - Skin conditions such as acne or eczema that are inflammatory in nature and noncontagious.

Open comedone - The medical name for a blackhead consisting of a widened hair follicle filled with skin debris, bacteria, and sebum. Not to be confused with a whitehead or closed comedone, which has an obstructed opening and may rupture to cause a low-grade skin inflammatory reaction.

Papules - Small, solid, rounded bumps rising from the skin (from the Latin "papula," a pimple) that are usually less than 1 centimeter in diameter. Not to be confused with a vesicle (that contains fluid) or a macule (that is flat and even with the surrounding skin).

Pediculus - A group of tiny insects commonly referred to as lice (singular louse) that infest the scalp (Pediculus humanus capitis), the clothing (Pediculus humanus), or the pubic hair, armpit hair, and coarse body hair (Pediculus pubis) of a host and suck blood causing itching. Lice infestations contraindicate massage; contamination of the treatment space with lice requires extensive sanitation procedures to eradicate the infestation before a return to business procedures.

Plantar wart - A wart caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) that occurs on the sole or the toes of the foot. Also known as verruca, myrmecia, and verruca plantaris.

Port-wine stain - A red to purple mark on the skin, often referred to as a birthmark, caused by capillary malformation in the skin.

Psoriasis - A noncontagious chronic skin condition caused by excessive production of new skin cells that form raised, isolated lesions (characterized by pink or reddish patches with silver colored scales) and found most often on the elbows and knees.

Pubic lice (Pediculus pubis) - A contagious condition where tiny insects that resemble crabs (Pediculus pubis) live in pubic hair, armpit hair, and coarse body hair, and suck blood from the host, causing itchiness. The presence of pubic lice contraindicates massage; contamination of the treatment space with lice requires extensive sanitation procedures to eradicate the infestation before a return to business procedures.

Puncture - A form of skin damage characterized by the formation of a hole in the tissue.

Pus - A thick, opaque, usually yellowish-white fluid produced with infection formed by exudates containing white blood cells, tissue debris, and microorganisms.

Pustule - A small collection of pus occurring in the epidermis or dermis, often forming in the sweat glands or hair follicles.

Rosacea - A long-term inflammatory skin condition that causes reddened skin and a rash, usually on the nose and cheeks.

Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) - A contagious condition of the skin (also called a mite infestation) caused by tiny insects that drink blood, defecate, urinate, and live and lay eggs live in warm, moist skin areas; their presence leads to an itchy, allergic reaction in most hosts that causes scratching and the potential for secondary infections. The presence of scabies contraindicates massage; contamination of a treatment space with scabies requires extensive sanitation procedures to eradicate the infestation before a return to business procedures.

Scale - Excess dead skin cells that are produced because of abnormal skin conditions such as psoriasis. They are usually fine and thin, but can be thick and coarse.

Scar tissue - The growth of new tissue after injury. In the skin, it is characterized by a lack of pigmentation and hair follicles.

Seborrheic eczema - A type of eczema characterized by yellow or red, oily patches of skin usually found in the skin folds around the nose and on the scalp.

Seborrheic keratosis - A noncancerous benign skin growth that originates in keratinocytes and is usually seen as people age (sometimes referred to as barnacles). Skin lesions are light tan to black, round or oval, flat or slightly elevated, and range in size from very small to 1 inch.

Skin cancer - A general term for three types of cancer affecting cells of the skin including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.

Skin lesion - A general term for a superficial growth or patch of skin that does not resemble the area surrounding it. There are two categories: primary and secondary. Primary skin lesions have variations in color or texture that may be present at birth (e.g., mole or birthmark), or acquired (e.g., warts, acne, hives, dermatitis, sunburn, etc.). Secondary skin lesions are those changes in the skin that result from primary skin lesions, either as a natural progression or as a result of manipulating the skin through scratching or picking at a primary lesion.

Skin tag - A harmless growth of skin that is soft and small, occurring on the eyelids, neck, armpits, groin folds, and under the breasts.

Skin ulcer - A inflamed lesion that erodes the skin, leaving an open wound that is vulnerable to secondary infection.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) - A form of skin cancer that can metastasize through the lymph system. It occurs in squamous cells of the epidermis. It is characterized by hard, firm lumps that develop sores that crust and begin to ulcerate. It can occur anywhere epidermis tissue grows, but is commonly seen on the ears, hands, lower lips, or inside the mouth.

Staphylococcal infections - A contagious bacterial infection caused by the staphylococcal organism.

Streptococcal infections - A contagious bacterial infection caused by the streptococcal organism.

Tinea capitis - A contagious fungal infection of the scalp characterized by flaking of the scalp (like dandruff), and itchiness that leads to scratching and the potential for secondary infection.

Tinea corporis (body ringworm) - A very contagious fungal infection of the skin characterized by round, red, scaly, and itchy patches of skin on the trunk.

Tinea cruris (jock itch) - A mildly contagious fungal infection of the groin, upper thighs, and buttocks, and characterized by flaky, scaly, burning, and itchy patches of skin.

Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) - A contagious fungal infection of the feet characterized by cracked, peeling skin, especially between the toes, that burns and itches.

Touch deprivation - Pathological conditions that can arise from lack of physical contact; common in infants and the elderly, with symptoms ranging from depression and anxiety to organ failure and death.

Ulcers (skin) - Localized open lesion in the skin or mucous membrane.

Vesicles - A small, circumscribed elevation of the epidermis containing fluid; commonly called a blister. Not to be confused with a papule (a rounded bump rising from the skin surface) or a macule (which is flat and even with the surrounding skin).

Vitiligo - A condition in which the skin turns white due to the loss of pigment from destroyed melanocytes. The hair that grows in areas affected by vitiligo may also turn white. The skin is otherwise undamaged, but people must protect the areas from exposure to the sun. Also called piebald skin and acquired leukoderma.

Warts (Verruca vulgaris) - A small, hard lump on the skin caused by a viral infection in the epidermis from the human papillomavirus, or HPV family of viruses. When the virus invades the outer layer of the skin, usually through a tiny break, it causes rapid growth of cells on the outer layer of the skin. The virus is slow-acting and usually passed by skin-to-skin contact with another person.

Whiteheads - A common name for a closed comedone consisting of a widened hair follicle filled with skin debris, bacteria, and sebum, and with an obstructed opening to the skin that may rupture to cause a low-grade skin inflammatory reaction. Not to be confused with a blackhead or open comedone.

Practice Quiz

1. Which term refers to foot fungus?

A:Tinea cruris

B:Tinea capitis

C:Tinea pedis

D:Tinea barbae

2. A therapeutic benefit of massage therapy for someone who has skin cancer would be:

A:Increase dermis circulation

B:Stretch out skin lesions

C:Strengthen skin

D:To reduce stress levels

3. A noncontagious chronic skin disorder caused by excessive production of new skin cells that form raised, isolated lesions (characterized by pink or reddish patches with silver colored scales) and found most often on the elbows and knees is called:

A:Psoriasis

B:Warts

C:Athlete’s foot

D:Eczema

4. What is one unique characteristic of a melanoma?

A:That it is symmetrical in shape

B:That it appears before puberty

C:That it appears after puberty

D:That it appears on your 13th birthday

5. A group of tiny insects commonly referred to as lice that infest the scalp, clothing, or the pubic hair, armpit hair, and coarse body hair of a host, and suck blood causing itching are known by the Latin name:

A:Pediculus

B:Impetigo

C:Angioma

D:Tinea

6. The most common form of skin cancer characterized by a slow-growing tumor of epithelial cells in the stratum basal of the epidermis that looks like a small, hard lump with rounded edges and a sunken middle is:

A:Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

B:Basal vitiligo

C:Malignant melanoma

D:Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

7. Pallor or blanching is most often caused by:

A:Addison's disease

B:Lack of circulation

C:Lack of nutrition

D:Bruising

8. A contagious condition where tiny insects live in the seams of human clothing and suck blood from the host causing itchiness is called:

A:Scabies

B:Herpes simplex

C:Lice

D:Impetigo

9. Which of the following characteristics of a mole could signify potential melanoma?

A:It has an uneven, scalloped border

B:It is reddish in color

C:It is located in the axial region

D:It is under 6 mm in circumference

10. Dandruff is an example of which type of secondary lesion?

A:Crust

B:Ulcer

C:Scale

D:Weal

11. What region of the body does Pediculus pubis live in?

A:in the ears

B:On the scalp

C:Pubic area and armpits

D:In the subcutaneous fat

12. A thickened area of the keratin layer of the epidermis resulting from repeated friction or pressure is designated as a:

A:Callus

B:Blackhead

C:Mole

D:Corn

13. Massage therapists are in a unique position to provide early detection of skin cancer to their clients because:

A:We know the difference between nonmelanoma and malignant melanoma

B:Our palpation skills are unsurpassed

C:We can see parts of their bodies that they can't see

D:We are trained in skin disorders

14. A skin cancer characterized by a small, hard lump with rounded edges and a sunken middle is called what?

A:Melanoma

B:Basal cell carcinoma

C:Rosacea

D:Malignant melanoma

15. A mole-like lesion that is multicolored and asymmetrical is a common sign of:

A:Rosacea

B:Basal cell carcinoma

C:Squamous cell carcinoma

D:Malignant melanoma

16. Poison ivy, poison oak, metals, detergents, and latex might all lead to:

A:Psoriasis

B:Seborrheic keratosis

C:Contact dermatitis

D:Seborrheic eczema

17. A common area where skin cancer develops is the:

A:Hands

B:Knee caps

C:Nape of the neck

D:Popliteal fold

18. A contagious fungal infection of the scalp characterized by flaking of the scalp (like dandruff), and itchiness that leads to scratching and the potential for secondary infection is called:

A:Tinea barbae

B:Tinea capitis

C:Tinea pedis

D:Tinea cruris

19. A benign clump of fat cells is a:

A:Lipoma

B:Corn

C:Callus

D:Skin tag

20. Tinea corporis, tinea capitis, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris are:

A:Fungal infections of the skin

B:Viral infections of the skin

C:Insect infestations of the skin

D:Bacterial infections of the skin

21. A flat, distinct, discolored area of skin that does not involve any change in the thickness or texture of the skin is called a:

A:Macule

B:Papule

C:Pustule

D:Vesicle

22. A common name for a closed comedo consisting of a widened hair follicle filled with skin debris, bacteria, and sebum, with an obstructed opening to the skin that may rupture to cause a low-grade skin inflammatory reaction is called a:

A:Callus

B:Angioma

C:Whitehead

D:Blackhead

23. A closed capsule or sac-like structure filled with liquid, semisolid, or gaseous material that can occur within tissue and affect any area of the body is a:

A:Cyst

B:Angioma

C:Closed comedo

D:Open comedo

24. What is the most dangerous form of skin cancer, arising from the melanocyte cells of the skin, that begins to replicate uncontrollably and invade nearby structures?

A:Barlow syndrome

B:Basal cell carcinoma

C:Squamous cell carcinoma

D:Malignant melanoma

25. A small, hard lump on the skin caused by a viral infection in the epidermis from the human papillomavirus, or HPV, family of viruses is known as a:

A:Wart

B:Lipoma

C:Skin tag

D:Scale

26. A general term meaning "skin inflammation" and used to describe noninfectious conditions is:

A:Dermatitis

B:Vitiligo

C:Acne vulgaris

D:Hives

27. An idiopathic noncontagious chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by progressive signs and symptoms including flushing of the skin, general inflammation of the face and eyes, the formation of papules and pustules, and permanent thickening and distortion of facial skin is known as:

A:Acne rosacea

B:Vitiligo

C:Impetigo

D:Acne vulgaris

28. A streptococcus infection of the deeper layers of the skin, accompanied by fever, headache, and fatigue when it involves the circulatory and lymphatic system, is known as:

A:Cellulitis

B:Lipomas

C:Fungal infections

D:Carbuncles

29. Which term refers to foot fungus?

A:Tinea barbae

B:Tinea cruris

C:Tinea pedis

D:Tinea capitis

30. What is the precancerous condition that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma and characterized by brown or red scaly lesions that form sores that crust and do not heal normally?

A:Psoriasis

B:Actinic keratosis

C:Acne

D:Eczema

31. A type of eczema characterized by yellow, oily patches of skin usually found in the skin folds around the nose and on the scalp. This is called:

A:Seborrheic eczema

B:Vitiligo

C:Dyshidrosis

D:Contact eczema

32. The general term for the sebaceous gland infection including whiteheads, blackheads, papules, and pustules is:

A:Pruritus

B:Dermatitis

C:Scleroderma

D:Acne

33. Cyanosis causes the skin to turn which color?

A:Blue

B:Yellow

C:Red

D:Pale

34. A red to purple mark on the skin, often referred to as a birthmark, and caused by capillary malformation in the skin is known as a:

A:Port-wine stain

B:Keratosis

C:Papulosis

D:Mole stain

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. C

2. D

3. A

4. C

5. A

6. A

7. B

8. C

9. A

10. C

11. C

12. A

13. C

14. B

15. D

16. C

17. A

18. B

19. A

20. A

21. A

22. C

23. A

24. D

25. A

26. A

27. A

28. A

29. C

30. B

31. A

32. D

33. A

34. A