ABMP: Kinesiology

Mark
Jun 9, 2023
1 min read

Key Concepts

Terminology

Abduction - A movement at a joint that takes place in the frontal plane with the body part moving away from the midline of the body. It is the opposite movement to adduction.

Acromioclavicular joint - A synovial gliding joint formed between the lateral end of the clavicle and the medial edge of the acromion process of the scapula.

Action - A joint movement created by a muscle contraction.

Active range of motion - The amount of motion available at a given joint when the client moves the body part voluntarily and with no assistance from the practitioner.

Active-assisted range of motion - The client uses the muscles surrounding the joint to perform the movement but requires some help from the practitioner.

Active-resisted range of motion - A technique in which the practitioner provides resistance to a client's attempt to move a joint in order to assess or build the client's muscular strength; also called resisted range of motion.

Adduction - A movement at a joint that takes place in the frontal plane with the body part moving toward the midline of the body. It is the opposite movement to abduction.

Adhesion - Abnormal deposits of connective tissue that form between surfaces that normally should glide over each other, such as two adjacent organs or between organs and fascia.

Agonist - The muscle mainly responsible for creating a given movement through contraction; the prime mover.

Amphiarthrotic joint - A type of joint classified by function, where the joint structures permit a slight to moderate amount of movement. Amphiarthrotic joints are structurally classified as symphysis joints (held together by a fibrocartilage disc) or synchondrosis joints (held together by hyaline cartilage).

Anatomical restrictions - Any condition that imposes a restriction on the function of the anatomical structure.

Anatomical restrictions (joints) - The limits imposed on the range of motion available at a joint, based on the structure of that joint.

Anatomical tools - The use of various body parts such as the hands, fingers, knuckles, thumbs, or elbows to perform certain palpation activities or application methods.

Ankle - A general term for the region where the leg meets the foot; associated with the talocrural joint (considered the true ankle joint), the subtalar joint, and the distal tibiofibular joint.

Antagonist - A muscle that acts in opposition to the agonist/prime mover in order to control a motion or slow it down.

Anterior - Direction referring to the front of the body.

Anterior pelvic tilt - A movement of the pelvis in the sagittal plane that occurs at the lumbosacral and/or hip joints where the pelvis tilts in an anterior direction. The posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) rises superiorly and the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) moves inferiorly.

Anterior-posterior axis - A straight line that passes horizontally from anterior to posterior (or runs between the front and back of the body). Movements occur in the frontal plane around this axis. This axis is sometimes called the sagittal axis.

Aponeurosis - A strong, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue that serves as a tendon to attach muscles to bone, as fascia to bind muscles together, or to strengthen an area (e.g., palm of the hand).

Appendicular skeleton - The bones forming the appendages (extremities), including those of the shoulder girdle, upper extremity, pelvis, and lower extremities.

Articulation - A place where two or more bones are joined together for the purpose of allowing body parts to move; also called a joint.

Asymmetry - A lack or absence of symmetry including a lack of proportion between the parts of a thing, or when bilateral structures vary noticeably in size, shape, or position.

Atlanto-axial joint - The atlanto-axial joint is classified as a synovial pivot joint. It is formed by the articulation of the anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis (atlanto-odontoid joint), and by the articulations of the inferior facets of the atlas (C1) and the superior facets of the axis (C2). It allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.

Atlanto-occipital joint - The atlanto-occipital joint is classified as a condyloid/ellipsoid synovial joint. It is formed by the articulations of the superior facets of the atlas (C1) and the occipital condyles, and allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.

Attachment sites - Places where tendon or ligament attach to bone.

Axial skeleton - The bones forming the axis of the skeleton, including the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

Axis - A straight line that is perpendicular to a plane around which a body part moves. Movement at a joint takes place in a plane about an axis. There are three axes of rotation: the anterior-posterior axis, the medial-lateral axis, and the superior-inferior axis (also called the vertical axis).

Ball-and-socket joint - A type of synovial joint that allows triaxial movements in three planes and around three axes. Ball-and-socket joints are formed by a ball-like surface that fits into a concave socket, permitting flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and combinations of these movements. Examples include the shoulder joint and the hip joint.

Biaxial joint - One of four categories of synovial joints based on the number of axes of movement that exist at the joint. Biaxial joints allow movement to occur around two axes, within two planes. Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction occur in biaxial joints.

Bilateral - A condition, quality, or structure that can be found on both sides of the body.

Bipennate muscle - A term to describe the architecture of a muscle and referring to muscles that have fibers on two sides of a tendon (e.g., rectus femoris).

Body mechanics - Standing, sitting, lifting, and performing other daily activities with proper alignment to avoid injury or fatigue.

Bone - Firm connective tissue composed of cells, fibers, and ground substance.

Bony landmarks - Attachment points for muscles or passageways for blood vessels and nerves that are used as palpable reference points when locating structures during palpation or viewing the body during a posture assessment.

Bursae - Small synovial, fluid-filled sacs that create a friction-reducing cushion between structures at joints.

Bursitis - Inflammation of bursae.

Carpometacarpal joint - One of five synovial joints formed by the articulations of the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpal bones. The first carpometacarpal joint (CMC) is a saddle joint formed by the trapezium and the first metacarpal. The second CMC is a gliding joint between the trapezoid and the base of the second metacarpal. The third is a gliding joint between the capitate and the base of the third metacarpal. The fourth is a gliding joint between the hamate and the base of the fourth metacarpal. The fifth is a gliding joint between the hamate and the base of the fifth metacarpal. These joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and opposition and circumduction at the thumb.

Cartilaginous joint - A type of joint classified by structure, where the bones of the joint are held together by fibrocartilage (called a symphysis joint) or hyaline cartilage (called a synchondrosis joint). Cartilaginous joints are functionally classified as amphiarthrotic joints because they permit slight to moderate amounts of movement.

Cervical spine - A segment of the spinal column related to the neck and comprised of seven vertebrae named C1–C7.

Circular muscle - A term to describe the architecture of a muscle and referring to muscles that have a circular shape such as the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi surrounding the eyes. This term also applies to sphincter muscles which surround and are able to close a body passage or opening such as the sphincter pylori in the stomach and sphincter ani externus that keeps the anal opening closed.

Circumduction - A combination of movements that occur in the frontal and sagittal planes that allows for arching, circular motions, such as when swimming the backstroke. Movement combinations in appendicular body parts include flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction. Movement combinations in axial body parts include right lateral flexion, extension, left lateral flexion, and flexion. Movements in various combinations of the arm, thigh, hand, foot, head, neck, trunk, and pelvis can be described as circumduction.

Compound joint - A joint that involves three or more bones (e.g., elbow joint that involves the humerus, radius, and ulna), in contrast to a simple joint that involves two bones.

Concentric contraction - A muscle contraction that occurs when muscle fibers shorten slightly and widen as tension develops.

Conductivity - The capacity of a body to transmit a flow of electricity or heat (e.g., when muscles are contracting through vigorous exercise).

Condyloid joint - A type of synovial joint where one bone has a concave shape and the other has a convex shape that fit together; also called ellipsoid joints. An example is the radiocarpal joint of the wrist.

Contractility - A characteristic of muscle that allows it to shorten (contract).

Contralateral rotation - An action of a muscle to rotate an axial body part or the pelvis in the transverse plane toward the opposite side of the body to which it is located. For example, the right upper section of the trapezius turns the head to the left and the left upper section of the trapezius turns the head to the right.

Costochondral joint - A synchondrosis joint formed by the articulation of ribs 1–10 with their corresponding costal cartilage.

Costospinal joint - A general name for the joints between the ribs and the spinal column. The ribs articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, usually with two articulations. The costovertebral joints are synovial joints between the body of a vertebra and its corresponding rib. The costotransverse joints are synovial joints between each rib tubercle with the transverse process of its corresponding vertebra.

Costotransverse joint - A synovial joint formed by the articulation of the costal tubercle of the rib with a costal facet on the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra. The vertebrae of T1–T10 articulate with the ribs of the same numbers.

Costovertebral joint - A synovial joint formed by the head of the rib, two adjacent vertebral bodies, and the interposed intervertebral disc. Ribs 2–9 have typical costovertebral joints. Ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12 articulate with only one vertebral body.

Coxal - A term that refers to the hip area.

Cumulative stresses - A general term to describe tissue damage resulting from long periods of repetitive use.

Deep - Referring to a structure farther within the body (deep to the surface of the body).

Depression (movement) - A movement that can occur at the mandible, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, and hyoid bone in the sagittal or frontal plane when the body part moves inferiorly (down). For example, when the mouth is open, the mandible is depressed. It is the opposite movement to elevation.

Diarthrotic joint - A type of joint classified by function, where the joint structures are freely moveable. Diarthrotic joints are structurally classified as synovial joints where the bones of the joint are held together by a joint capsule.

Distal - Situated away from the axial body.

Distal radioulnar joint - A synovial pivot joint formed by the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius that allows pronation and supination. The radius and ulna are connected along their length by an interosseous membrane.

Distal tibiofibular joint - A syndesmosis joint formed between the distal articulations of the tibia and fibula that allows gliding movements in combination with the proximal and middle tibiofibular joints.

Dorsiflexion - A movement that occurs primarily in the ankle joint but may also involve the joints of the foot in the sagittal plane when the dorsal surface of the foot moves superiorly so that the toes point up to the sky and slightly back toward the knee. It is the opposite movement to plantar flexion.

Downward rotation - A movement that can occur at the scapula and clavicle in the vertical plane. The scapula rotates so that the glenoid fossa orients inferiorly. The clavicle rotates anteriorly. It is the opposite movement to upward rotation.

Eccentric contraction - Contraction in which muscle fibers lengthen against some resistance or against gravity.

Elasticity - A characteristic of muscle tissue where the muscle fibers recoil and resume their resting length.

Elbow - A general term for the joint between the humerus and the radius and ulna.

Elevation - A movement that can occur at the mandible, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, and hyoid bone in the sagittal or frontal plane when the body part moves superiorly (up). For example, when the mouth is closed, the mandible is elevated. It is the opposite movement to depression.

Ellipsoid joint - A type of synovial joint where one bone has a concave shape and the other has a convex shape that fit together (e.g., the radiocarpal joint of the wrist). Also called condyloid joints.

Eversion - A movement that occurs in the tarsal joints of the foot in the frontal plane when the plantar surface of the foot pivots to face away from the midline of the body. It is the opposite movement to inversion.

Excitability - A characteristic of muscle tissue where the muscle is able to receive and respond to stimuli. Also called irritability.

Expansion (ribs) - The three-dimensional widening of the rib cage.

Extensibility - A characteristic of muscle tissue where the muscle is able to be stretched or extended.

Extension - A movement at a joint that takes place in the sagittal plane with the body part moving posteriorly (with the exception of the knee, which extends in an anterior movement in the sagittal plane). It is the opposite movement to flexion.

Fascia - A type of connective tissue that surrounds and connects all structures of the body in a web-like unit.

Fast-twitch fibers - Muscle fibers which respond to stimuli within 0.01 seconds; they are large in diameter and fatigue rapidly.

Fiber direction - The orientation of muscle fibers; how they are arranged relative to the skeleton.

Fibrosis - The thickening, hardening, and scarring of connective tissue or muscle, usually as a result of postural deviation or injury.

Fibrous joint - A type of joint classified by structure, where the bones of the joint are held together by dense fibrous connective tissue. Functionally classified as synarthrotic joints because they allow for little or no movement between the bones (e.g., suture joints of the skull).

Firm end feel - When movement of a joint is limited by the resistance of soft tissue being stretched taut.

Flexion - A movement at a joint that takes place in the sagittal plane with the body part moving anteriorly (with the exception of the knee, which flexes posteriorly in the sagittal plane). It is the opposite movement to extension.

Fossa - An anatomical pit or shallow depression in a bone.

Frontal plane - An imaginary flat surface that bisects the body between the front and back.

Functional classification of joints - A classification of joints based on their function (the degree of movement allowed at the joint). There are three classifications: synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic.

Fusiform muscle - A term to describe the architecture of a muscle and referring to muscles with parallel fibers that are wide in the belly and tapered on the ends, culminating in long cord-like tendons (e.g., biceps brachii).

Glenohumeral joint - A synovial ball-and-socket joint located between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction.

Gliding joint - A type of synovial joint characterized by flat or semi-flat surfaces that can slide or glide across each other. Examples are the wrist and ankle joint.

Golgi tendon organ - A proprioceptor located in tendons near where the tendon joins with the muscle that monitors muscle tension and tendon strain to protect tendons and muscles from muscular contractions with excessive force as part of the tendon reflex.

Hard end feel - The restricted motion felt in a joint upon approaching an anatomic or physiological barrier (e.g., bone-to-bone contact).

Healthy - A state of wellness and optimal functioning.

Hinge joint - A type of synovial joint allowing flexion and extension in the sagittal plane. An example is the elbow joint and ankle joint.

Hip joint - A general term for the coxofemoral joint that is formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis.

Horizontal abduction - A movement that occurs at the shoulder joint or hip joint in the transverse plane when the arm or thigh is first abducted 90 degrees and the body part moves horizontally in a posterior direction. This movement is also referred to as horizontal extension. It is the opposite movement to horizontal adduction.

Horizontal adduction - A movement that occurs at the shoulder joint or hip joint in the transverse plane when the arm or thigh is first abducted 90 degrees and the body part moves horizontally in an anterior direction. This movement is also referred to as horizontal flexion. It is the opposite movement to horizontal abduction.

Horizontal extension - A movement that occurs at the shoulder joint or hip joint in the transverse plane when the arm or thigh is first abducted 90 degrees and the body part moves horizontally in a posterior direction. This movement is also referred to as horizontal abduction. It is the opposite movement to horizontal flexion.

Horizontal flexion - A movement that occurs at the shoulder joint or hip joint in the transverse plane when the arm or thigh is first abducted 90 degrees and the body part moves horizontally in an anterior direction. This movement is also referred to as horizontal adduction. It is the opposite movement to horizontal extension.

Humeroradial joint - A synovial hinge joint formed between the radial head and the capitulum of the humerus that allows flexion and extension. This joint sits side by side with the humeroulnar joint.

Humeroulnar joint - A synovial hinge joint formed between the trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus that allows flexion and extension. This joint sits side by side with the humeroradial joint.

Hyaline cartilage - A type of connective tissue that forms a thin covering on the articulating ends of bones; connects the ribs to the sternum; and supports the nose, the trachea, and part of the larynx.

Hyperextension - An excessive joint movement in which the angle formed by the bones of the joint are opened, or straightened, beyond the joint's normal, healthy, range of motion. This movement may make the joint unstable and increase the risk for dislocation or other potential injuries.

Hypertonic - Greater-than-normal tone in a muscle.

Hypertrophy - An exaggerated increase in muscle volume and size.

Hypotonic - Less-than-normal tone in a muscle.

Inferior - Direction toward the lower portion of the body or below a particular structure.

Inflammation - The reaction of body tissue to injury or illness (e.g., burns, rheumatoid arthritis, soft-tissue injury, etc.) marked by heat, swelling, redness, loss of function, and pain.

Insertion - The site of attachment of a muscle to the bone that it moves.

Intercarpal joint - A synovial gliding joint formed between individual carpal bones of the wrist. These joints can be subdivided into three sets of articulations: those of the proximal row of carpal bones, those of the distal row of carpal bones, and those of the two rows with each other.

Intermediate fibers - Muscle fibers that have properties of both fast- and slow-twitch fibers; they have more endurance than fast fibers.

Interphalangeal joint (foot) - A synovial hinge joint formed between the proximal, medial, and distal phalanges that allows flexion and extension of the toes.

Interphalangeal joint (hand) - A synovial hinge joint formed between the phalanges. Each finger has a proximal and distal interphalangeal joint that allows flexion and extension. The thumb has only one interphalangeal joint.

Intertarsal joint - A synovial gliding joint formed between the cuneiforms, navicular, and cuboid bones that contributes to foot stability and mobility.

Intervertebral disc joint - These joints (generally called spinal joints in combination with vertebral facet joints) are classified as cartilaginous amphiarthrotic symphysis joints. They are located between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a symphysis that allows slight movement of the vertebrae and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together and provide shock absorption for the spine. Spinal joints allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, and gliding transitional movements.

Inversion - A movement that occurs in the tarsal joints of the foot in the frontal plane when the plantar surface of the foot pivots to face the midline of the body. It is the opposite movement to eversion.

Ipsilateral rotation - An action of a muscle to rotate an axial body part or the pelvis in the transverse plane toward the same side of the body to which it is located. For example, the levator scapulae are muscles located on either side of the posterior neck. The right levator scapula rotates the head to the right. The left levator scapulae rotates the head to the left.

Irregular bone - Uniquely shaped bones that don't fit into other classifications, like the vertebrae and some facial bones.

Isometric contraction - A type of muscle contraction that increases muscle tension but does not allow movement at the joint.

Isotonic contraction - A type of muscle contraction which causes the muscle to change length as it contracts and causes movement of a body part.

Joint - A place where two or more bones are joined together for the purpose of allowing body parts to move; also called an articulation.

Joint capsule - A fibrous connective tissue sleeve that surrounds the articular cavity of a freely movable joint, is attached to the bones, completely encloses the joint, and is composed of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.

Joint cavity - The space between the bones and the closed sac formed by the joint capsule, which contains the synovial fluid.

Joint fixation - A condition where the joint does not move freely. It can be associated with muscle spasms, joint misalignment, subluxation, or because the structures in a joint roughen and dry out due to wear and tear and the lack of adequate lubrication from synovial fluid. This increases the friction in the joint causing stiffness.

Landmarks - Palpable or visible anatomical features that aid a massage practitioner in locating specific structures or tissues.

Lateral - Places where tendon or ligament attach to bone.

Lateral rotation - The bones forming the axis of the skeleton, including the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

Left lateral deviation - A straight line that is perpendicular to a plane around which a body part moves. Movement at a joint takes place in a plane about an axis. There are three axes of rotation: the anterior-posterior axis, the medial-lateral axis, and the superior-inferior axis (also called the vertical axis).

Left lateral flexion - A type of synovial joint that allows triaxial movements in three planes and around three axes. Ball-and-socket joints are formed by a ball-like surface that fits into a concave socket, permitting flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and combinations of these movements. Examples include the shoulder joint and the hip joint.

Left rotation - A movement at a joint that takes place in the transverse plane when the anterior surface of a body part rotates left. This movement occurs in the head, neck, and trunk (the pelvis is also described as rotating to the right and left). It is the opposite movement to right rotation.

Ligaments - Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Lumbar spine - A segment of the spinal column related to the lower part of the trunk and comprised of five vertebrae named L1–L5.

Lumbosacral joint - A synovial joint formed by the body of L5 and the base of the sacrum and between the inferior facets of L5 and the superior facets of the sacrum.

Mechanical function - The relationship and interaction between muscles, joints, and nerves during the execution of various activities of the body.

Medial - Direction toward the midline of the body.

Medial rotation - A movement at a joint that takes place in the transverse plane when the anterior surface of a body part rotates toward the midline of the body. It is the opposite movement to lateral rotation.

Medial-lateral axis - A straight line that passes horizontally from medial to lateral (or from left to right or right to left). Movements occur in the sagittal plane around this axis. This axis is sometimes called the frontal axis.

Metacarpophalangeal joint - A synovial ellipsoid joint formed between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Metatarsophalangeal joint - A synovial ellipsoid joint formed between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges that allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Midcarpal joint - A compound synovial ellipsoid joint formed between proximal and distal rows of carpal bones that allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the hand. In combination with the radiocarpal joint, it is generally referred to as the wrist joint.

Middle tibiofibular joint - A syndesmosis joint formed between shafts of the tibia and fibula through the interosseous membrane. Works in combination with the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints to allow gliding movements.

Midline - The imaginary line that runs superior to inferior through the middle of the body.

Motor unit - A unit composed of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron’s axonal terminals. Groups of motor units work together to coordinate the contractions of a single muscle. The force of a muscle contraction is controlled by the number of activated motor units.

Motor unit recruitment - A measure of how many motor neurons are activated in a particular muscle, and therefore how many muscle fibers of that muscle are triggered. The higher the motor unit recruitment, the stronger the muscle contraction.

Multipennate muscle - A term to describe the architecture of a muscle and referring to muscles that have fibers that are oriented at multiple angles along a force-generating axis (e.g., deltoid muscle).

Muscle - An organ, composed of muscle tissue, that contracts to produce movement.

Muscle belly - Largest middle portion of a muscle.

Muscle spindle - Proprioceptor found in skeletal muscle that senses length and changes in length as part of the stretch reflex.

Muscular atrophy - A decrease in the mass of a muscle or a complete wasting away of muscle which results from disuse while debilitated during hospitalization; in relationship to diseases such as cancer, AIDS, congestive heart failure, and others; or from damage to the nerve that stimulates the muscle.

Muscular health - Optimal strength, tone, circulation, and flexibility of the muscular system resulting in effective kinesthetic functioning.

Musculotendinous junction - The place where the muscle and tendon weave together before the tendon attaches to bone.

Nonaxial joint - One of four categories of synovial joints based on the number of axes of movement that exist at the joint. Nonaxial joints allow gliding movements to occur within a plane.

Opposition - A combination of three movements (flexion, adduction, and medial rotation) that occur at the thumb that allows the thumb to cross the palm and touch the pads of the fingers. This term is also used to describe movements of the little finger.

Origin - The more fixed and stable attachment of a muscle (as distinguished from its insertion).

Palpable findings - Information about the body that can be gained through palpation.

Palpate - To examine by means of touching.

Palpation - The skilled touch a massage practitioner uses to gain information about the quality of the body's tissues.

Passive range of motion - When a practitioner moves a joint through its range of motion manually, without any exertion by the client.

Patellofemoral joint - A synovial joint formed between the posterior surface of the patella and the intercondylar groove of the femur that allows gliding movements of the patella along the femur. With the tibiofemoral joint, it is located within the joint capsule of the knee.

Pennate muscle - A term to describe the architecture of a muscle and referring to muscles with fibers that run at oblique angles to their central tendons, resembling a feather. Pennate muscles can be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate.

Physical characteristics - Characteristics of the body that can be seen with visual observation, including height, weight, etc.

Physiological restrictions - Conditions that create challenges to normal physiological function.

Pivot joint - A type of synovial joint that allows rotational movement around a transverse plane. An example is the atlanto-axial joint between the atlas and the odontoid process.

Plane - An imaginary flat surface that cuts through space, describing a dimension of space and the dynamic motion a human body is capable of moving through. There are three planes of movement: sagittal (lateral plane), transverse (horizontal plane), and frontal (coronal plane).

Plantar flexion - A movement that occurs in the ankle and also in the joints of the foot in the sagittal plane when the plantar surface of the foot moves inferiorly so that the toes are pointed downward. It is the opposite movement to dorsiflexion.

Posterior - Direction relating to the back of the body.

Posterior pelvic tilt - When the pelvis tilts in a posterior direction; posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) moves inferiorly and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) moves superiorly.

Posture - The way in which a person holds the body's structures in space and in relation to each other.

Primary function - The main function or action of a muscle.

Pronation - A movement at the forearm (also the ankle/foot complex) that takes place in the transverse plane when the forearm rotates so that the palm is facing downward and the radius crosses over the ulna. It is the opposite movement to supination.

Proprioception - The ability to sense (through special sensory receptors called proprioceptors) the position and motion of the body and where body parts are positioned relative to each other.

Protraction - A movement that can occur at the mandible, scapula, and clavicle in the sagittal plane when the body part moves anteriorly. For example, when the jaw is jutted forward, the mandible is protracted. It is the opposite movement to retraction.

Proximal - Closer to the axial body.

Proximal radioulnar joint - A synovial pivot joint formed by the radial head and the radial notch of the ulna that allows pronation and supination. The radius and ulna are connected along their length by an interosseous membrane.

Proximal tibiofibular joint - A synovial gliding joint formed between the proximal articulations of the tibia and fibula. Works in combination with the middle and distal tibiofibular joints to allow gliding movements.

Quality of movement - Characteristics of joint movement (e.g., does the movement feel jumpy, jarring, smooth; is there crepitus in the joint, etc.)

Radial deviation - A movement of the hand toward the radial aspect of the forearm (abduction).

Radiocarpal joint - A synovial ellipsoid joint formed between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones that allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. In combination with the midcarpal joint, it is generally referred to as the wrist joint.

Range of motion - The amount of movement possible within a joint; measured in degrees.

Reposition - A combination of three movements (extension, abduction, and lateral rotation) that occur at the thumb that allows the thumb to return to anatomical position from opposition. This term is also used to describe movements of the little finger.

Resisted range of motion - A technique in which the practitioner provides resistance to a client's attempt to move a joint in order to assess or build the client's muscular strength; also called active-resisted range of motion.

Restricted range of motion - Diminished range of motion in a joint or diminished extensibility in muscle tissue or fascia that limits joint movement.

Retraction - A movement that can occur at the mandible, scapula, and clavicle in the sagittal plane when the body part moves posteriorly. For example, when the jaw is pulled back, the mandible is retracted. It is the opposite movement to protraction.

Rhomboidal muscle - A term to describe the architecture of a muscle and referring to muscles with parallel fibers that are flat with four sides in a quadrate shape, and that culminates in flat tendons that attach to a bony ridge or line (e.g., rhomboid major).

Right lateral deviation - A movement at a joint in the frontal or transverse plane that brings a body part to the right.

Right lateral flexion - A movement at a joint that takes place in the frontal plane when an axial body part bends to the right. It is the opposite movement to left lateral flexion.

Right rotation - A movement at a joint that takes place in the transverse plane when the anterior surface of a body part rotates right. This movement occurs in the head, neck, and trunk (the pelvis is also described as rotating to the right and left). It is the opposite movement to left rotation.

Sacroiliac joint - Two compound joints (one on each side) consisting of an anterior synovial gliding joint (formed between the surface of the sacrum and ilium) and a posterior syndesmosis joint (formed between the sacrum and ilium) that allow for nonaxial gliding movements.

Saddle joint - A type of synovial joint shaped similarly to a condyloid joint that allows for angular movements. An example is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Sagittal plane - An imaginary flat surface that bisects the body between the right and left sides.

Scapulothoracic joint - This is not a true joint. It is formed by the articulation of the anterior surface of the scapula and the posterior surface of the rib cage and held together by connective tissue that allows gliding motions. It is closely related to the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints that move with the scapulothoracic joint. It allows protraction and retraction; lateral, medial, anterior, and posterior tilt; and extends the overall range of motion of the arm.

Sesamoid bone - A bone embedded within a tendon or muscle. The largest sesamoid bone is the patella found within the quadriceps tendon, but sesamoid bones can be found on joints throughout the body including the hands, feet, and wrist. Oftentimes, sesamoid bones form in response to strain by creating a smooth surface for tendons to slide over, increasing the tendon's ability to transmit muscular forces.

Simple joint - A joint that involves two bones, in contrast to a compound joint that involves three or more bones.

Skeletal muscles - Muscles that support and move the skeletal system of the body.

Slow-twitch fibers - Muscle fibers that are smaller in diameter and take longer to respond to stimuli, but have greater endurance.

Smooth muscle tissue - A type of muscle tissue found in the gut and other internal organs that is not under voluntary control.

Soft end feel - When joint movement is limited by soft tissues running into each other.

Spinal joint - A general term for articulations of the spinal column formed between adjacent vertebrae. There is usually one median joint called an intervertebral disc joint, and two lateral joints called vertebral facet joints at each segmental level (e.g., between C5 and C6, C6 and C7, C7 and T1, etc.). Spinal joints allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.

Sternoclavicular joint - A synovial saddle joint formed between the articulations of the medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium of the sternum; allows gliding movements. It is closely related to the scapulothoracic joint and acromioclavicular joint, and forms the only bony articulation connecting the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton.

Sternocostal joint - A synchondrosis joint formed by the costal cartilages of ribs 1–7 and the sternum.

Strain - Mild to severe tearing of muscle tissue in response to over-stretching or trauma.

Strap muscle - A term to describe the architecture of a muscle and referring to muscles that have long parallel fibers that run the length of the muscle and end in wide, flat tendons (e.g., sartorius).

Structural asymmetry - Imbalance or a noticeable difference in bilateral structures of the body.

Structural classification of joints - A classification of joints based on their structure. There are three classifications: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

Subtalar joint - A complex synovial ellipsoid joint formed by three separate articulations of the inferior talus and the superior calcaneus; allows inversion, eversion, abduction (lateral rotation), and adduction (medial rotation).

Superficial - On the surface of the body.

Superficial fascia - Fascia in the superficial realm of the body; just beneath the skin.

Superior - Direction toward the top of the body.

Superior-inferior axis - A straight line that passes vertically from inferior to superior (or superior to inferior). Movements occur in the transverse plane around this axis. This axis is often called the vertical or longitudinal axis.

Supination - A movement at the forearm (also the ankle/foot complex) that takes place in the transverse plane when the forearm rotates so that the palm is facing upward and the radius and ulna are parallel to each other. It is the opposite movement to pronation.

Suture joints of the skull - Suture joints are classified as fibrous synarthrotic joints. They are formed by articulations between adjacent bones of the cranium and face.

Symmetry - The quality of something that has two sides or halves that are the same or very close in size, shape, and position. For example, when a selected muscle is close to the same size and shape on both sides of the body, or when a bony landmark such as the clavicle appears to be situated evenly on both the right and left sides of the body.

Symphysis joint - A type of cartilaginous joint where a fibrocartilage disc between the bodies of the articulating bones joins the bones together. Examples are the intervertebral disc joints of the spine and the symphysis pubis joint of the pelvis.

Synarthrotic joint - A type of joint classified by function, where the joint structures permit very little or no movement. Synarthrotic joints are structurally classified as fibrous joints, where the bones of the joint are held together by dense fibrous connective tissue.

Synchondrosis joint - A type of cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage joins the two articulating bones together. An example is the costal cartilage located between a rib and the sternum.

Syndesmosis joint -A joint in which the bones are united by fibrous connective tissue forming an interosseous membrane or ligament, such as the tibiofibular joints.

Synergists - Muscles that assist the prime mover to perform a certain action.

Synovial fluid - Fluid within the synovial cavity that lubricates and nourishes the joint.

Synovial joint - A type of joint classified by structure where the bones of the joint are held together by a joint capsule. Synovial joints are functionally classified as diarthrotic joints because they allow for a great deal of movement between the bones.

Synovial membrane - A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae, and makes synovial fluid.

Talocrural joint - A synovial hinge joint commonly referred to as the ankle, formed between the articulations of the tibia, fibula, and talus that allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

Tarsometatarsal joint - Five synovial gliding joints located between the distal row of tarsal bones and the metatarsal bones; allows dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion. The first tarsometatarsal joint (TMT) is located between the first cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal. The second TMT is between the second cuneiform and the base of the second metatarsal. The third TMT is between the third cuneiform and the base of the third metatarsal. The forth TMT is between the cuboid and the base of the forth metatarsal. The fifth TMT is between the cuboid and the base of the fifth metatarsal.

Temperature differences (palpation) - Noticing a warmer or cooler quality in an area of the body can provide information about the underlying tissues.

Temopromandibular joint (TMJ) - The temporomandibular joint is classified as a synovial modified hinge joint. It is formed by the articulation of the temporal bone and the mandible. It allows elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, left and right deviation, anterior glide, and posterior glide.

Tendons - Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Thoracic spine - A segment of the spinal column related to the upper part of the trunk and comprised of 12 vertebrae named T1–T12.

Tibiofemoral joint - A synovial hinge joint commonly called the knee (it shares the same joint capsule as the patellofemoral joint), formed between the condyles of the tibia and the condyles of the femur that allows flexion and extension.

Tibiofibular joint - Three articulations (proximal, middle, and distal) located between the tibia and the fibula that allow gliding movements between the fibula and tibia.

Tissue quality - The palpable characteristics of a certain tissue (e.g., texture, consistency, and density, etc.).

Tissue texture - The tactile sensation of palpating tissue (e.g., grainy, ropey, smooth, dense, etc.)

Transverse plane - An imaginary flat surface that bisects the body between the upper and lower halves. It is also called the horizontal plane.

Transverse tarsal joint - A compound synovial gliding joint composed of the talonavicular joint (located between the talus and the navicular bone) and the calcaneocuboid joint (located between the calcaneus and cuboid bones); allows pronation and supination. Through its close relationship with the subtalar joint, the transverse tarsal joints also allow inversion, eversion, abduction, and adduction.

Triangular muscle - A term to describe the architecture of a muscle and referring to muscles with fibers organized in a fan-like shape that converge into a point (e.g., pectoralis major). Also referred to as a convergent muscle.

Triaxial joint - One of four categories of synovial joints based on the number of axes of movement that exist at the joint. Triaxial joints allows movement to occur around three axis, within three planes.

Tubercle - A small, rounded lump, protuberance, or nodule on a bone that serves as an attachment site for muscles or ligaments.

Ulnar deviation - A movement of the hand toward the ulnar aspect of the forearm (also called adduction).

Uniaxial joint - One of four categories of synovial joints based on the number of axes of movement that exist at the joint. Uniaxial joints allows movement to occur around one axis, within one plane.

Unipennate muscle - A term to describe the architecture of a muscle and referring to muscles with fibers oriented at one fiber angle on the same side of a tendon (e.g., extensor digitorum longus).

Upward rotation - A movement that can occur at the scapula and clavicle in the vertical plane. The scapula rotates so that the glenoid fossa orients superiorly. The clavicle rotates so that the inferior surface faces anteriorly. It is the opposite movement to downward rotation.

Vertebral facet joint - Vertebral facet joints (generally called spinal joints when in combination with intervertebral disc joints) are classified as synovial gliding joints. They are located between adjacent articular processes of vertebrae. The inferior articular processes of the superior vertebra articulate with the superior articular processes of the inferior vertebra. Spinal joints allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, and gliding transitional movements.

Weight-bearing joint - A joint that bears the weight of the body through the structure of the joint. Primary weight-bearing joints are the joints of the lower extremities and the joints of the spine.

Wrist - A general term for the radiocarpal joint formed between the distal end of the radius and the proximal carpal bones. This joint is closely associated with the midcarpal joint located between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones.

Practice Quiz

1. Movements occur in the frontal plane around this axis:

a. superior-inferior axis

b. longitudinal axis

c. anterior-posterior axis

d. medial-lateral axis

2. If muscle tension is too high, proprioceptros will respond by inhibiting:

a. sensory neurons

b. tendons

c. motor neurons

d. muscle spindles

3. Which term refers to the loss of muscle size due to disease or lack of use?

a. muscle wasting disease

b. hypotonicity

c. atrophy

d. hypertrophy

4. Which type of tissue is most like a web-like unit?

a. muscle

b. ligament

c. tendon

d. fascia

5. A joint that connects two oval-shaped articular surfaces, one concave and one convex, describes a ___ joint.

a. suture

b. condyloid

c. saddle

d. ball and socket

6. Which term best describes tissue's ability to stretch?

a. contractility

b. plyometric

c. conductivity

d. extensibility

7. The insertion of a muscle is:

a. always the inferior attachment

b. always the proximal attachment

c. the tendinous attachment

d. the more moveable attachment

8. Which term refers to loose, connective tissue and adipose that give shape to the body?

a. cellular matrix

b. interstitial fluid

c. muscle tissue

d. superficial fascia

9. What type of connective tissue surrounds the whole muscle and is continuous with the tendon?

a. endomysium

b. perimysium

c. fascicle

d. epimysium

10. A straight line that passes between the front and back of the body is a:

a. medial-lateral axis

b. vertical axis

c. superior inferior axis

d. anterior-posterior axis

11. ___ protect tendons and muscle from contracting with excessive force.

a. golgi tendon organs

b. muscle spindles

c. gamma motor neurons

d. alpha motor neurons

12. Which term best describes tissue damage resulting from long periods of repetitive use?

a. scar tissue

b. cumulative stresses

c. adhesion

d. trigger point

13. Which term describes the ability of nerves to transmit impulses that accomplish various functions within the body?

a. extensibility

b. conductivity

c. contractility

d. proprioception

14. The anterior-posterior axis is sometimes called the:

a. medial-lateral axis

b. sagittal axis

c. frontal axis

d. vertical axis

15. Which term best describes a lack of muscle tone?

a. hypertrophy

b. hypotonic

c. fibrosis

d. hypertonic

16. Which of the following is NOT a function of muscle fibers?

a. production of heat

b. posture maintenance

c. movement of bones

d. immune response

17. Which term best describes the imaginary plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections?

a. longitudinal plane

b. frontal plane

c. transverse plane

d. sagittal plane

18. This type of muscle is present in the gut, bronchi of the lungs, urinary tract, reproductive organs, and blood vessels and is not under voluntary control:

a. smooth muscle

b. striated muscle

c. skeletal muscle

d. cardiac muscle

19. Which term refers to the location where two or more bones meet?

a. fibrocartilage

b. joint

c. joint capsule

d. hyaline cartilage

20. The zigzagged shape of the Z line separates one ___ from another.

a. sarcomere

b. myosin filament

c. muscle fiber

d. actin filament

21. Which of the following is shortened in a muscle contraction?

a. actin filaments

b. myosin filaments

c. the overlap between myofilaments

d. sarcomere unit

22. The middle part of a long bone is called the:

a. head

b. condyle

c. epiphysis

d. shaft

23. The transitional zone between the muscle's surrounding fascia and the tendon is known as the:

a. musculotendinous junction

b. fasciotendinous fissure

c. musculotendinous fissure

d. fasciotendinous junction

24. ____ give information about the body's position in space at a given moment.

a. proprioceptors

b. nociceptors

c. interoceptors

d. chemoreceptors

25. The plasma membrane of muscle fibers is also referred to as the:

a. sarcoplasm

b. sarcomere

c. sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. sarcolemma

26. Which term best describes the direction toward the back of the body?

a. posterior

b. anterior

c. lateral

d. medial

27. ____ are sensory nerve endings wrapped around the collagen fibers of tendons that monitor muscle tension.

a. golgi tendon organs

b. sarcoplasmic reticula

c. fast-twitch fibers

d. glycolic fibers

28. Which term refers to the client performing a movement unassisted?

a. resisted range of motion

b. passively

c. active assisted

d. actively

29. Which term refers to a muscle that shares the same action as another muscle at the same joint?

a. antagonist

b. synergist

c. stabilizer

d. agonist

30. Which term refers to a part of the proprioception system that regulates and monitors muscle tension?

a. reciprocal inhibition

b. muscle spindle

c. golgi tendon organ

d. post-isometric contraction

31. The deltoid muscle has fibers that are oriented at multiple angles along a force-generating axis. This muscle is a:

a. strap muscle

b. multipennate muscle

c. circular muscle

d. triangular muscle

32. When passively stretching a client, it is important to remember to:

a. bounce the client's limb to encourage release of held tension

b. begin the session with vigorous stretching to warm the tissues up

c. stay in communication with the client about his comfort level

d. move quickly through the stretches to restore range of motion

33. The extensor digitorum longus has fibers oriented at one fiber angle on the same side of its tendon. This is a:

a. circular muscle

b. unipennate muscle

c. bipennate muscle

d. multipennate muscle

34. Which term best describes a type of muscle where the fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle, usually tapering at either end?

a. convergent

b. fusiform

c. multipennate

d. parallel

35. Which proprioceptors monitor the stretch reflex?

a. muscle spindles

b. golgi tendon organs

c. baroreceptors

d. intrafusal muscle fibers

36. Which term refers to a muscle that is responsible for a specific joint movement, and known as the prime mover?

a. agonist

b. stabilizer

c. synergist

d. antagonist

37. Which term best describes the specific locations or marks on a bone?

a. musculotendinous junction

b. landmarks

c. body

d. periosteum

38. Which term refers to large muscle fibers that contract quickly?

a. slow-twitch fibers

b. moderate-twitch fibers

c. paced-twitch fibers

d. fast-twitch fibers

39. Moving from flat feet to standing on tip-toe, the movement at the ankle is called:

a. dorsiflexion

b. plantar flexion

c. inversion

d. pronation

40. Bending the knee until the gastrocnemius and the hamstrings make contact is an example of which type of end feel?

a. firm end fell

b. muscle end feel

c. soft end feel

d. hard end feel

41. The minimum amount of stimulus needed to initiate muscle contraction is the:

a. contractile threshold

b. neurostimulatory threshold

c. threshold of initiation

d. threshold stimulus

42. Which term refers to an abnormal increase in muscle tone?

a. hypertensitization

b. hypertonicity

c. hypotonicity

d. hypertrophy

43. Where in the joint is hyaline cartilage found?

a. at the junction of ligament and bone

b. surrounding the bursa

c. it makes up the joint capsule

d. on the articular surfaces of bone ends

44. A muscle that has long parallel fibers that end in wide, flat tendons:

a. strap muscle

b. circular muscle

c. triangular muscle

d. rhomboidal muscle

45. The central, bulkiest portion of each muscle is called the muscle:

a. attachment

b. head

c. fiber

d. belly

46. Which term best describes the arrangement of the striations of a muscle?

a. striations

b. fusiform

c. fiber direction

d. fibrils

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. C

2. C

3. C

4. D

5. B

6. D

7. D

8. D

9. D

10. D

11. A

12. B

13. B

14. B

15. B

16. D

17. C

18. A

19. B

20. A

21. D

22. D

23. A

24. A

25. D

26. A

27. A

28. D

29. B

30. C

31. B

32. C

33. B

34. B

35. A

36. A

37. B

38. D

39. B

40. C

41. D

42. B

43. D

44. A

45. D

46. C

The Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand

Terminology

Annular ligament - Ligament that wraps around the head and neck of the radius to stabilize it against the ulna during pronation and supination.

Brachioradialis - Superficial muscle on the lateral aspect of the forearm that flexes the elbow and assists in pronation and supination of the forearm with resistance; it crosses the elbow but not the wrist joint.

Capitae - Largest carpal bone distal to the lunate on the dorsal surface of the wrist.

Capitulum - Rounded eminence on the lateral distal portion of the humerus that articulates with the radius.

Carpal ligament - Ligament continuous with the extensor retinaculum that serves to stabilize the carpal tunnel of the wrist.

Carpal tunnel - Tunnel formed by the retinacula and the carpal bones of the wrist through which the nine flexor tendons and the median nerve pass.

Carpals - 8 bones of the wrist.

Carpometacarpal joint - One of five synovial joints formed by the articulations of the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpal bones. The first carpometacarpal joint (CMC) is a saddle joint formed by the trapezium and the first metacarpal. The second CMC is a gliding joint between the trapezoid and the base of the second metacarpal. The third is a gliding joint between the capitate and the base of the third metacarpal. The forth is a gliding joint between the hamate and the base of the fourth metacarpal. The fifth is a gliding joint between the hamate and the base of the fifth metacarpal. These joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and opposition and circumduction at the thumb.

Coronoid fossa (humerus) - Depression in the distal anterior portion of the humerus that receives the coronoid process of the ulna.

Coronoid process (ulna) - A triangular eminence projecting from the anterior proximal portion of the ulna that serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons of the forearm and wrist.

Elbow - A general term for the joint between the humerus and the radius and ulna.

Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Shorter muscle of the forearm that extends and abducts the wrist, and assists in flexion of the elbow.

Extensor carpi radialis longus - Longer muscle of the forearm that extends and abducts the wrist, and assists in flexion of the elbow.

Extensor carpi ulnaris - Muscle of the forearm along the ulnar shaft that extends and adducts the wrist.

Extensor digitorum - Muscle of the forearm with four long tendons that extends the second through fifth fingers and assists in extension of the wrist.

Extensor retinaculum - Thick, stabilizing fascial tissue on the dorsal surface of the wrist.

Flexor carpi radialis - Muscle of the anterior forearm that flexes and abducts the wrist and assists with elbow flexion.

Flexor carpi ulnaris - Muscle of the anterior, ulnar aspect of the forearm that flexes and adducts the wrist and may flex the elbow.

Flexor digitorum profundus - Deeper muscle of the anterior forearm that flexes the second through fifth fingers.

Flexor digitorum superficialis - A superficial muscle of the anterior forearm that flexes the second through fifth fingers and the wrist.

Flexor retinaculum - A strong, thick, stabilizing fascial band on the palmar surface of the wrist that arches over the carpals converting the deep groove on the front of the carpal bones into a tunnel (the carpal tunnel) through which the flexor tendons of the digits and the median nerve pass.

Forearm - Portion of the arm from the elbow to the wrist.

Hamate - Carpal bone located distal and lateral to the pisiform; palpable on the palmar surface of the hand.

Hand - The anatomical structure from the wrist to the distal ends of the fingers.

Humerus - The bone of the upper arm.

Intercarpal joint - Synovial gliding joints formed between individual carpal bones of the wrist. These joints can be subdivided into three sets of articulations: those of the proximal row of carpal bones, those of the distal row of carpal bones, and those of the two rows with each other.

Interosseous membrane in the forearm - Connective tissue membrane between the radius and ulna.

Lateral condyle of the humerus (capitulum) - Rounded eminence on the lateral distal portion of the humerus that articulates with the radius.

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus - Bony prominence of the humerus located lateral to the olecranon process that serves as an attachment site for tendons of the wrist and hand extensors.

Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus - Ridge on the distal and lateral portion of the humerus.

Lunate - Carpal bone on the dorsal surface of the wrist between the scaphoid and triquetrum.

Medial condyle of the humerus (trochlea) - Rounded eminence on the medial distal portion of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.

Medial epicondyle of the humerus - A bony prominence on the distal medial humerus.

Medial supracondylar ridge of the humerus - Ridge on the distal and medial portion of the humerus.

Metacarpals - Five long bones of the hand between the carpals and phalanges.

Metacarpophalangeal joint - A synovial ellipsoid joint formed between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Olecranon process (ulna) - A bony landmark on the posterior proximal end of the ulna that serves as the attachment site for the triceps. It is generally referred to as the "elbow."

Palmar aponeurosis - Continuation of antebrachial fascia that extends on the superficial palmar surface of the hand and serves as an attachment site for the palmaris longus tendon.

Palmaris longus - Muscle of the forearm that tenses the palmar fascia and flexes the wrist and elbow; it crosses the wrist, but not the hand and finger joints.

Phalanges (hand) - The bones of the fingers and toes. There are three phalanges (distal, middle, proximal) for each digit, except the thumbs and large toes.

Pisiform - Carpal bone on the ulnar aspect of the wrist that serves as the insertion point for the flexor carpi ulnaris.

Pronator teres - Muscle on the anterior forearm that pronates the forearm and assists in elbow flexion.

Radial collateral ligament - Ligament that attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the annular ligament.

Radial notch (ulna) - Depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process of the ulna that articulates with the radius.

Radial tuberosity (radius) - A prominence on the anterior proximal radius that serves as the distal attachment site for the biceps brachii.

Radius - Bone on the lateral aspect of the forearm.

Saddle joint - A type of synovial joint shaped similarly to a condyloid joint that allows for angular movements. An example is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Scaphoid - Carpal bone on the radial aspect of the wrist just distal to the styloid process of the radius, and that forms part of the radiocarpal joint.

Styloid process - Projections at the distal end of both the radius and ulna.

Supinator - Muscle on the lateral side of the elbow that supinates the forearm.

Transverse carpal ligament - A thick, stabilizing fascial tissue on the palmar surface of the wrist just distal to the flexor crease; also called the flexor retinaculum.

Trapezium - Small carpal bone that articulates with the base of the first metacarpal.

Trapezoid - Small carpal bone that articulates with the base of the second metacarpal.

Triquetrum - The triangular-shaped bone, lateral to the lunate, that articulates with the ulna.

Trochlear notch (ulna) - The depression between the olecranon and coronoid processes of the ulna.

Ulna - Bone on the medial aspect of the forearm.

Ulnar collateral ligament - Strong, triangular-shaped ligament that originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and attaches to the coronoid and olecranon processes of the ulna.

Practice Quiz

1. Which term refers to a pivot joint between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna?

a. distal radioulnar joint

b. radiocarpal joint

c. proximal radioulnar joint

d. humeroradial joint

2. Which term best describes a spherical surface on the distal humerus that articulates with the radius?

a. lateral supracondylar ridge

b. lateral condyle

c. medial condyle

d. lateral epicondyle

3. Which term refers to the joints that connect the carpal bones and provide slight flexibility of the carpal arch?

a. carpometacarpal joints

b. intercarpal joints

c. metacarpal phalangeal joints

d. interphalangeal joints

4. Which term refers to movement of the hand at the wrist away from the midline of the body?

a. adduction

b. ulnar deviation

c. flexion

d. radial deviation

5. The 1st carpometacarpal joint is a ____ joint.

a. condyloid

b. gliding

c. hinge

d. saddle

6. What is the prime mover of flexion of the forearm at the humeroulnar joint?

a. brachialis

b. biceps

c. brachioradialis

d. triceps

7. The pisiform bone is part of what muscle’s tendon?

a. flexor carpi ulnaris

b. flexor digitorum superficialis

c. extensor digitorum

d. extensor carpi radialis longus

8. What actions are possible at the radioulnar joints?

a. abduction and adduction

b. flexion and extension

c. supination and pronation

d. opposition and reposition

9. Which term refers to the medial bone of the forearm?

a. radius

b. scaphoid

c. ulna

d. triquetrum

10. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is this kind of joint:

a. hinge

b. saddle

c. ellipsoid

d. pivot

11. Which term refers to the hinge joints between the middle and distal phalanges?

a. proximal interphalangeal joints

b. middle interphalangeal joints

c. distal interphalangeal joints

d. carpometacarpal joints

12. What is the bony prominence of bone on the medial humerus just proximal to the elbow?

a. lateral supracondylar ridge

b. medial condyle

c. medial epicondyle

d. lateral condyle

13. The thick fascia of the palm is the:

a. interosseous membrane

b. transverse carpal ligament

c. palmar aponeurosis

d. palmar flexor retinaculum

14. What is the action called when the thumb moves toward the other fingers?

a. extension

b. adduction

c. opposition

d. abduction

15. Which term best describes a pivot joint between the ulnar head and the ulnar notch of the radius?

a. ellipsoid joint

b. radiocarpal joint

c. hinge joint

d. distal radioulnar joint

16. Which term refers to the ridge on the distal and medial portion of the humerus continuing proximally from the medial epicondyle?

a. medial supracondylar ridge

b. later supracondylar ridge

c. lateral condyle

d. medial condyle

17. Which term refers to a depression on the distal, anterior humerus?

a. coronoid fossa

b. olecranon fossa

c. cubital fossa

d. antecubital fossa

18. Which term refers the area of the body between the elbow and the wrist?

a. wrist

b. shoulder

c. elbow

d. forearm

19. Your client has been experiencing pain in her right lateral elbow and posterior forearm. When asked about aggravating activities, she reports worsening pain when carrying trays of food at her catering job, turning a doorknob, and turning the key to start her car. She experiences intermittent sensitivity to light touch on the dorsal surface of her hand, proximal to the thumb and index finger. Exploration of which muscle would be the best starting point?

a. supinator

b. palmaris longus

c. flexor digitorum superficialis

d. flexor carpi ulnaris

20. Which term refers to the posterior proximal end of the ulna and serves as the attachment site of the triceps?

a. olecranon

b. capitulum

c. supracondylar ridge

d. trochlea

21. One of the muscles responsible for extending and adducting wrist is the:

a. extensor carpi radialis brevis

b. extensor digitorum

c. extensor carpi ulnaris

d. extensor carpi radialis longus

22. What do you call the prominent enlargement at the ends of the metacarpals?

a. head

b. process

c. body

d. shaft

23. Which muscle refers to the superficial layer of the extensor compartment that extends digits 2–5?

a. extensor carpi radialis brevis

b. extensor carpi radialis longus

c. extensor digitorum

d. extensor carpi ulnaris

24. The triangular-shaped bone, lateral to the lunate, that articulates with the ulna is the:

a. trapezium

b. triquetrum

c. trapezoid

d. scaphoid

25. Which term refers to the ellipsoid joint between the distal radius and the proximal row of carpals?

a. elbow joint

b. hand joint

c. finger joint

d. wrist joint

26. Which term refers to the articulation between the distal and proximal ends of the radius and ulna?

a. saddle joint

b. intercarpal joint

c. radioulnar joint

d. radiocarpal joint

27. Which term refers to movement of the hand at the wrist toward the midline of the body?

a. ulnar deviation

b. radial deviation

c. extension

d. abduction

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. C

2. B

3. B

4. D

5. D

6. A

7. A

8. C

9. C

10. B

11. C

12. C

13. C

14. C

15. D

16. A

17. A

18. D

19. A

20. A

21. C

22. A

23. C

24. B

25. D

26. C

27. A

The Shoulder and Arm

Terminology

Acromial end (clavicle) - The lateral end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula.

Acromioclavicular joint - A synovial gliding joint formed between the lateral end of the clavicle and the medial edge of the acromion process of the scapula.

Acromioclavicular ligaments - Superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments and coracoclavicular ligaments that stabilize the acromioclavicular joint.

Acromion process (scapula) - The bony prominence of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint.

Biceps brachii - Muscle of the upper arm that flexes the elbow and shoulder, and supinates the forearm.

Brachialis - Muscle of the upper arm that flexes the elbow.

Clavicle - Long bone of the anterior shoulder girdle: "collar bone."

Conoid - The medial acromioclavicular ligament that prevents excessive lateral and superior movements of the clavicle.

Coracobrachialis - Muscle of the upper arm and axillary region that flexes and adducts the shoulder.

Coracoid process (scapula) - Smaller, anterior extension of the scapula that serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons.

Deltoid - Muscle of the lateral shoulder; all fibers abduct the shoulder; anterior fibers flex, medially rotate, and horizontally adduct the shoulder; posterior fibers extend, laterally rotate, and horizontally abduct the shoulder.

Deltoid tuberosity (humerus) - Prominence on the superior lateral shaft of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.

Frozen shoulder - Tightening of the joint capsule which inhibits movement in the glenohumeral joint.

Glenoid cavity (scapula) - The depression in the scapula that accommodates the head of the humerus.

Glenoid tubercles - The glenoid tubercles are two small, bony eminences located above and below the glenoid fossa on the scapula. The supraglenoid tubercle is above and the infraglenoid is below the fossa. The glenoid tubercles serve as attachment sites for the long heads of the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii muscles.

Greater tubercle (humerus) - The bony prominence of the humerus that serves as an attachment site for the teres minor and infraspinatus.

Head of the humerus - The proximal end of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid fossa.

Humerus - The upper arm bone.

Inferior angle (scapula) - The inferior curved junction between the medial and lateral border of the scapula.

Infraglenoid tubercle (scapula) - A rough eminence inferior to the glenoid fossa, where the long tendon of the triceps attaches.

Infraspinatus - Rotator cuff muscle that laterally rotates, adducts, extends, and horizontally abducts the shoulder, and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.

Infraspinous fossa - Depression on the posterior scapula that accommodates the infraspinatus muscle; also called the infraspinatus fossa.

Intertubercular groove - The sulcus (groove) that runs between the greater and lesser tubercles on the anterior superior aspect of the humerus.

Labrum - A ring of fibrocartilage forming a lip, edge, or brim around the edge of an articular joint. Examples include the glenoid labrum in the shoulder joint and the acetabular labrum in the hip joint.

Lateral border (scapula) - The axillary border of the scapula that is furthest from the midline.

Lateral edge - The edge of a bone on the lateral aspect, furthest from the midline.

Latissimus dorsi - Broad muscle of the lateral posterior body that extends, adducts, and medially rotates the shoulder.

Lesser tubercle (humerus) - The smaller prominence on the proximal medial aspect of the humerus.

Medial border (scapula) - The border of the scapula that is closest to the spine.

Pectoralis major - A large, superficial muscle of the chest; all fibers adduct and medially rotate the shoulder, may assist in forced inhalation if arm is fixed; upper fibers flex and horizontally adduct the shoulder; lower fibers extend the shoulder.

Pectoralis minor - Muscle of the chest deep to pectoralis major that depresses, abducts, and tilts the scapula anteriorly; may assist in forced inhalation if scapula is fixed.

Rhomboid major - Muscle between the scapula and the spine that adducts, elevates, and downwardly rotates the scapula. It is located inferior to the rhomboid minor.

Rhomboid minor - Muscle between the scapula and the spine that adducts, elevates, and downwardly rotates the scapula. It is located superior to the rhomboid major.

Rotator cuff - A group of muscles and their tendons that act to move the arm and stabilize the shoulder. The four muscles are the supraspinatus muscle, the infraspinatus muscle, teres minor muscle, and the subscapularis muscle.

Scapula - A triangular, flat bone on the posterior aspect of the thorax that joins the clavicle and humerus in creating the shoulder girdle.

Serratus anterior - Muscle on the lateral and posterior rib cage; with the origin fixed, it abducts and depresses the scapula, and holds the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage; if the scapula is stabilized, it may assist in forced inhalation.

Spine of the scapula - The bony ridge on the posterior superior portion of the scapula.

Sternal end (clavicle) - The medial end of the clavicle that articulates with the sternum.

Sternoclavicular joint - A synovial saddle joint formed between the articulations of the medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium of the sternum; allows gliding movements. It is closely related to the scapulothoracic joint and acromioclavicular joint and forms the only bony articulation connecting the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton.

Sternum - Bone of the anterior thorax that forms the midline of the rib cage.

Subscapular fossa (scapula) - Depression on the anterior scapula that accommodates the subscapularis.

Subscapularis - Rotator cuff muscle that medially rotates the shoulder and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.

Superior angle (scapula) - The upper medial curve of the scapula formed by the junction of the superior and medial borders that serves as an attachment site for fibers of the levator scapulae muscles.

Supraglenoid tubercle (scapula) - A rough eminence superior to the glenoid fossa that serves as an attachment site for the long head of the biceps muscle.

Supraspinatus - Rotator cuff muscle that abducts the shoulder and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.

Supraspinous fossa (scapula) - A depression on the scapula (superior to the scapular spine) that accommodates the supraspinatus.

Teres major - Posterior shoulder muscle that extends, adducts, and medially rotates the shoulder; known as "little helper" of the latissimus dorsi.

Teres minor - Rotator cuff muscle that runs along the upper lateral border of the scapula; it laterally rotates, adducts, extends, and horizontally abducts the shoulder, and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.

Trapezius - Large muscle of the upper back; upper fibers bilaterally extend the head and neck; unilaterally, they laterally flex and rotate the head and neck to the same side, elevate and upwardly rotate the scapula; middle fibers adduct and stabilize the scapula; lower fibers depress and upwardly rotate the scapula.

Triceps brachii - Muscle of the posterior arm; all three heads extend the elbow; long head extends and adducts the shoulder.

Practice Quiz

1. Which muscle name refers to the flexor just deep to the biceps brachii?

a. biceps brachii

b. coracobrachialis

c. brachioadialis

d. brachialis

2. Which term refers to a movement of the flexed upper extremity at the shoulder, in the horizontal plane, that brings it posteriorly away from the midline?

a. circumduction

b. horizontal abduction

c. retraction

d. horizontal adduction

3. Which muscle name refers to a big triangular muscle that caps the shoulder?

a. deltoid

b. triceps brachii

c. trapezius

d. latissimus dorsi

4. Pectoralis minor inserts at:

a. the lateral border of the scapula

b. the inferior border of the clavicle

c. the coracoid process of the scapula

d. ribs 3,4, and 5

5. Which term refers to the outside edge of the scapula?

a. lateral border

b. inferior angle

c. superior angle

d. medial border

6. Which muscle initiates abduction at the glenohumeral joint?

a. infraspinatus

b. biceps brachii

c. supraspinatus

d. deltoid

7. Which term refers to rotation of the anterior surface of the humerus toward the midline of the body?

a. lateral rotation

b. external rotation

c. circumduction

d. medial rotation

8. Which term best describes the round, concave surface area of the lateral aspect of the scapula that forms the articulation with the humerus?

a. supraspinatus fossa

b. infraspinatus fossa

c. glenoid cavity

d. subscapular fossa

9. Which term refers to rotation of the anterior surface of the humerus away from the midline of the body?

a. medial rotation

b. internal rotation

c. lateral rotation

d. circumduction

10. Which term refers to a joint that has a ball-shaped bone that articulates with a round depression of another bone and can move in all three planes, such as the shoulder joint?

a. modified hinge joint

b. pivot joint

c. ellipsoid joint

d. ball-and-socket joint

11. Which term refers to the ball-shaped surface of the proximal end of the humerus that forms the articulation with the glenoid cavity of the scapula?

a. head

b. shaft

c. lateral ridge

d. body

12. Which term best describes the inferior curved junction between the medial and lateral border of the scapula?

a. inferior angle

b. superior angle

c. medial border

d. lateral border

13. What is the large, superficial muscle of the chest?

a. pectoralis minor

b. subclavius

c. rectus abdominus

d. pectoralis major

14. Which rotator cuff muscle fills the subscapular fossa and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity?

a. supraspinatus

b. subscapularis

c. serratus anterior

d. infraspinatus

15. Which term best describes the joint formed by the medial end of the clavicle and the sternal notch of the manubrium?

a. scapulothoracic joint

b. acromioclavicular joint

c. sternoclavicular joint

d. glenohumeral joint

16. Which of the teres muscles medially rotates the arm at the shoulder?

a. teres lateralis

b. teres superficialis

c. tere minor

d. teres major

17. Which term refers to a groove between the greater and lesser tubercles on the anterior superior aspect of the humerus?

a. subclavian groove

b. intertubercular groove

c. deltoid groove

d. trochlear groove

18. Which muscle is called the "little helper" of the latissimus dorsi?

a. teres major

b. teres minor

c. infraspinatus

d. posterior deltoid

19. Which term best describes a ridge on the posterior superior aspect of the scapula?

a. coracoid process

b. acromion process

c. subscapular process

d. spine of the scapula

20.

21.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. D

2. B

3. A

4. C

5. A

6. C

7. D

8. C

9. C

10. D

11. A

12. A

13. D

14. B

15. C

16. D

17. B

18. A

19. D

20.

The Spine and Thorax

Terminology

Angle - The slight elevation palpable at the junction between the sternum and the manubrium. Or in the rib, the point at which the rib curves medially and anteriorly.

Anterior longitudinal ligament - A ligament that connects the bodies of adjacent vertebrae anteriorly from C2 to the sacrum.

Articular facet - A flat gliding surface between two articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.

Atlanto-axial joint - The atlanto-axial joint is classified as a synovial pivot joint. It is formed by the articulation of the anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis (atlanto-odontoid joint), and by the gliding articulations of the inferior facets of the atlas (C1) and the superior facets of the axis (C2). It allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.

Atlas (C1) - The first vertebra of the neck.

Axis (C2) - The second vertebra of the neck.

Body of the sternum - The main, long portion of the sternum.

Cervical spine - A segment of the spinal column related to the neck and comprised of seven vertebrae named C1–C7.

Cervical vertebrae - The seven vertebrae of the neck.

Clavicle - Long bone of the anterior shoulder girdle; "collar bone."

Coccyx - 3-4 fused vertebrae that form the tailbone, the most inferior portion of the spine.

Collapse - Diminished intervertebral disc height due to loss of water content in the discs resulting from age and normal wear and tear.

Costal cartilage - Connective tissue that attaches the ribs to the sternum.

Costochondral joint - A synchondrosis joint formed by the articulation of ribs 1–10 with their corresponding costal cartilage.

Costospinal joint - A general name for the joints between the ribs and the spinal column. The ribs articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, usually with two articulations. The costovertebral joints are snyovial joints between the body of a vertebra and its corresponding rib. The costotransverse joints are synovial joints between each rib tubercle with the transverse process of its corresponding vertebra.

Diaphragm - Umbrella-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities; the primary muscle of respiration.

Disc degeneration - Gradual wearing down of the intervertebral discs measured by a loss in thickness of the disc.

Disc disorders - Any disease or dysfunction of the intervertebral discs.

Erector spinae group - Group of vertically oriented muscles (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis) running from the sacrum to the occiput that bilaterally extend the vertebral column; unilaterally, they laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side.

Expansion - The three-dimensional widening of the rib cage.

External obliques - The most superficial lateral abdominal muscles that flex the vertebral column, compress abdominal contents, laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side, and rotate it to the opposite side.

External occipital protuberance (occiput) - A bony prominence on the posterior inferior surface of the occiput.

Facet - The concave articular processes arising from the pedicle of each vertebra posterior to the vertebral body. The superior facets articulate with the inferior facets of adjacent vertebra. Each thoracic vertebra also has costal facets on its transverse processes that articulate with the ribs.

False ribs 8–12 - Ribs 8–12, which indirectly articulate with the sternum via the costocartilage (8–10), or do not articulate with the sternum at all (11 and 12).

First rib - The most superior rib of the rib cage, located deep to the clavicle that connects T1 to the sternum.

Floating ribs - Ribs 11 and 12, which do not attach to the sternum at all.

Hyperkyphosis - An excessive kyphotic curve in the thoracic spine; "hunchback."

Hyperlordosis - An excessive lordotic curve in the lumbar spine; "swayback."

Iliocostalis - Erector spinae muscle that extends the vertebral column and laterally flexes it to the same side.

Internal obliques - Abdominal muscles that flex the vertebral column, compress abdominal contents, and laterally flex and rotate the vertebral column to the same side.

Interspinous ligament - Ligament that connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae.

Intertransverse ligament - Connects adjacent transverse processes of the vertebrae.

Intervertebral disc - Shock-absorbing, stabilizing fibrocartilage structures between each vertebra.

Intervertebral joint - A cartilaginous amphiarthrotic symphysis joint located between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a symphysis that allows slight movement of the vertebrae and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together and provide shock absorption for the spine. Spinal joints allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, and gliding transitional movements.

Jugular notch of the sternum - A shallow depression in the superior portion of the sternum that allows for passage of the jugular vein, artery, and nerve.

Lamina - Components of the vertebral arch located on each side of the spinous process of the vertebra; serve as attachment sites for the ligamentum flava.

Lamina groove - Vertical trough between the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae that accommodates the transversospinalis and erector spinae muscles.

Ligamentum nuchae - Large elastic ligament that extends from the spinous process of C7 to the external occipital protuberance.

Longissimus - Erector spinae muscle that extends the vertebral column and laterally flexes it to the same side.

Lumbar spine - A segment of the spinal column related to the lower part of the trunk and comprised of five vertebrae named L1–L5.

Lumbar vertebrae - The five vertebrae of the lumbar spine.

Lumbosacral joint - A synovial joint formed by the body of L5 and the base of the sacrum and between the inferior facets of L5 and the superior facets of the sacrum.

Manubrium (sternum) - Superior portion of the sternum.

Multifidi - Muscles of the lumbar spine that extend the vertebral column and rotate it to the opposite side.

Odontoid process (axis) - The projection, also called the dens, on the axis (C2) that allows the head to pivot and rotate on the neck.

Posterior longitudinal ligament - Ligament that connects the bodies of adjacent vertebrae posteriorly from C2 to the sacrum.

Posterior tubercle (atlas) - Projection at the apex of the posterior arch of the body of the atlas (C1); serves as a rudimentary spinous process.

Quadratus lumborum - Muscle of the low back that elevates the hip, laterally flexes the vertebral column to the same side, assists to extend the vertebral column, and fixes the last rib during respiration.

Rectus abdominis - Superficial abdominal muscle that flexes the vertebral column.

Ribs - Long flat bones that protect the thoracic organs.

Rotatores - Muscles of the spine that extend the vertebral column and rotate it to the opposite side.

Sacroiliac joint - Two compound joints (one on each side) consisting of an anterior synovial gliding joint (formed between the surface of the sacrum and ilium) and a posterior syndesmosis joint (formed between the tuberosities of the sacrum and ilium) that allow for nonaxial gliding movements.

Sacrum - The triangular bone composed of five fused vertebrae which connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and its lower part with the coccyx.

Scoliosis - An abnormality to the structure of the spine involving lateral deviation creating the appearance of an S-curve.

Spinalis - Muscles of the spine that extend the vertebral column and laterally flex it to the same side.

Spine - The vertebral column.

Spinous processes - Prominences on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies for muscle and ligament attachments.

Sternal angle - The slight elevation palpable at the junction between the sternum and the manubrium where the joint is fused.

Sternocostal joint - A synchondrosis joint formed by the costal cartilages of ribs 1–7 and the sternum.

Sternum - Bone of the anterior thorax that forms the midline of the rib cage.

Supraspinous ligament - The fibrous cord that connects the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. Above C7 the supraspinous ligament is continuous with the ligamentum nuchae.

Thoracic spine - A segment of the spinal column related to the upper part of the trunk and comprised of 12 vertebrae named T1–T12.

Thoracic vertebrae - The 12 vertebrae of the thoracic spine.

Thoracolumbar aponeurosis - Thick, diamond-shaped tendon that extends superficially across the posterior thorax; functions as an anchor for several muscles including latissimus and the erector spinae group.

Thorax - Skeletally, the sternum, rib cage, and vertebrae. As a region of the body, the area above the diaphragm and below the clavicles.

Transverse abdominis - The deepest of the lateral abdominal muscles that compress the abdominal contents.

Transverse foramen - Openings on the transverse aspects of the cervical vertebrae that allow passage of the vertebral artery, vein, and nerve.

Transverse processes - Lateral projections on each side of a vertebra.

True ribs 1–7 - Ribs 1–7; those which attach directly via costal cartilage to the sternum.

Tubercle (ribs) - A protrusion on the neck of each true rib; the articular portion attaches it to one of the thoracic vertebrae.

Vertebral foramen - The large opening in the body of a vertebra allowing for passage of the spinal cord.

Vertebral spinous process - Prominences on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies.

Xiphoid process (sternum) - The inferior protrusion of the sternum.

Practice Quiz

1. What is the antagonist of the erector spinae muscles?

a. rectus abdominus

b. quadratus lumborum

c. latissimus dorsi

d. rhomboids

2. Which of the following is not part of the thorax?

a. the ribs

b. the sternum

c. the sacrum

d. the thoracic vertebra

3. The first cervical vertebra (C1) is called the:

a. axis

b. acetabulum

c. atlas

d. anconeus

4. Which term refers to the facet or vertebral joints of the spine?

a. vertebral joints

b. spinal joints

c. cartilaginous joints

d. fibrous joints

5. Latissimus dorsi is ____ to the posterior intercostals.

a. superior

b. deep

c. lateral

d. superficial

6. The variable, slightly moveable connections between the costal cartilages and the sternum are the:

a. intervertebral joints

b. costal angles

c. sternocostal joints

d. costochondral joints

7. Joint surfaces projecting downward from the vertebra to articulate with the bone below are the:

a. inferior processes

b. superior facets

c. transverse facets

d. inferior facets

8. The 3–5 small, fused vertebrae at the caudal end of the spinal column make up the:

a. coccyx

b. lumbar spine

c. sacrum

d. spinous process

9. The jugular notch is found at the:

a. jugular vein's exit from the skull

b. lateral end of the clavicle

c. superior margin of the sternum

d. between the manubrium and the body of the sternum

10. All of the following are considered origins of the diaphragm EXCEPT:

a. the upper two or three lumbar vertebrae

b. the lower three or four thoracic vertebrae

c. the posterior surface of the xiphoid process

d. the inner surface of the lower six ribs

11. The true ribs are:

a. ribs that connect to the sternum via cartilages of adjacent ribs

b. ribs whose cartilage connects directly to the sternum

c. those that attach to the vertebral column

d. ribs that are occasionally seen in the lumbar area

12. What connects the ribs and the sternum?

a. xiphoid process

b. costal cartilage

c. sternal cartilage

d. condral junction

13. The lateral projections of the vertebrae are called:

a. spinous processes

b. transverse processes

c. vertebral processes

d. vertebral tubercles

14. The short ligament connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae is the:

a. spinalis ligament

b. interspinous ligament

c. supraspinous ligament

d. intervertebral ligament

15. The trough between the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae that accommodates the transversospinalis and erector spinae muscles:

a. Vertebral notch

b. Transverse process

c. Lamina groove

d. Squamous portion

16. The transverse foramen are found:

a. Only in the cervical vertebrae

b. Only in the lumbar area

c. In the thoracic and cervical vertebrae

d. In all the vertebrae

17. How many vertebrae normally fuse to make up the sacrum?

a. 12

b. 4

c. 8

d. 5

18. Both the entire vertebral column and individual, sharp, bony projections may be referred to as the:

a. spine

b. process

c. edge

d. shaft

19.

20.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. A

2. C

3. C

4. B

5. D

6. C

7. D

8. A

9. C

10. B

11. B

12. B

13. B

14. B

15. C

16. A

17. D

18. A

19.

20.

M3

Modern Massage Masters

ABMP: Kinesiology

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