ABMP: Anatomy and Physiology (cont. 5)

The Urinary System

Terminology

Bladder - An expandable membranous sac that holds urine.

Bowman's capsule - A double-walled, capsule-shaped membranous structure surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron, which serves as a filter to remove organic wastes, excess inorganic salts, and water from the blood.

Glomerular filtration - The process in the kidneys where waste in the blood is filtered through the capillaries of the glomerulus and into the Bowman's capsule for further urinary processes.

Glomerulus - The functional unit of the kidney; a group of capillaries situated within a Bowman's capsule at the end of the renal tubule involved in the filtration of blood to form urine.

Internal urethral sphincter - A circular collar of smooth muscle at the neck of the urinary bladder that extends to surround a portion of the male urethra. There is no comparable structure in the neck of the female bladder.

Kidneys - Two bean-shaped organs in the posterior abdominal cavity that produce urine and also have endocrine functions.

Micturition - The normal passage of urine from the body via the emptying of the bladder.

Nephron - The functional unit (tubules) of the kidney.

Peritubular capillaries - Tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons for reabsorption and secretion between the blood and nephron.

Reabsorption - The movement of selected substances (glucose, proteins, sodium) out of the renal tubules and into the blood capillaries for absorption back into circulation.

Renal papilla - The location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into an initial collecting area in the kidney.

Secretion - The movement of selected substances (hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and certain drugs) out of the blood and into urine.

Ureters - Tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Urethra - A tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Urinary system - The body system that eliminates liquid wastes and excess water and salts.

Practice Quiz

1. The inlets on the renal pelvis that collect urine from the renal pyramids are referred to as ____ major and minor.

a. ureters

b. calyces

c. nephrons

d. medullas

2. Urine is normally ____% water.

a. 50

b. 95

c. 90

d. 75

3. The hilus is a concave area on which portion of the kidney?

a. medial

b. lateral

c. inferior

d. superior

4. How many liters of fluid are filtered daily by the kidneys?

a. 500

b. 1000

c. 60

d. 200

5. What organ is a storage site for urine?

a. kidneys

b. bladder

c. urethra

d. gallbladder

6. Your client calls to see if you have an opening today. She is in an acute stage of pyelonephritis. She thinks a short massage might help soothe her and take her mind off the discomfort. What type of bodywork can you offer her?

a. manual lymph drainage

b. light Swedish massage

c. reflexology

d. massage in contraindicated

7. The location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into an initial collecting area in the kidney is the:

a. renal papilla

b. hilus

c. calyx

d. ureter

8. The renal capsule is ____ surrounding the kidneys.

a. a plasmatic membrane

b. fibrous connective tissue

c. a vessel that excretes waste

d. a system of tubules

9. The capsule-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus of the nephron where organic wastes and water are removed from the blood is referred to as the:

a. loop of Henle

b. nephron loop

c. Bowman's capsule

d. renal capsule

10. The primary organ(s) of the urinary system are the:

a. kidneys

b. urethras

c. ovaries

d. bladder

11. What tube delivers urine from the bladder to the external environment?

a. urethra

b. seminal vesicle

c. bladder duct

d. renal portal tube

12. What is the formal term for urination?

a. glomerular excretion

b. glomerular filtration

c. nephrosis

d. micturition

13. The urine is carried from the kidney to the bladder by the:

a. renal tubule

b. vas deferens

c. urethra

d. ureter

14. Glomerular filtration is accomplished by what process?

a. osmosis

b. gravity

c. diffusion

d. hydrostatic pressure

15. A network of blood capillaries which diffuse plasma into the Bowman’s capsule is the:

a. loop of Henle

b. renal artery

c. glomerulus

d. nephron

16. What is the outer layer of the kidney called?

a. renal meninges

b. renal dura matter

c. renal cortex

d. renal calyx

17. Which of the following is not part of the urinary system?

a. kidneys

b. ureter

c. testes

d. bladder

18. All of the following are normal constituents of urine EXCEPT:

a. yellow pigment

b. electrolytes

c. uric acid

d. albumin

19. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries involved in filtering what?

a. solvents

b. blood

c. urine

d. water

20. How long is the average female urethra?

a. 1.5 inches

b. 8 inches

c. 6 inches

d. 3 inches

21.

22.

23.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. B

2. B

3. A

4. D

5. B

6. C

7. A

8. B

9. C

10. A

11. A

12. D

13. D

14. C

15. C

16. C

17. C

18. D

19. B

20. A

21.

Tissue Injury Repair

Terminology

Acute stage - The initial stage of the inflammatory response where the body aims to limit blood loss, inundate the injured area with healing components, and remove damaged tissue.

Bending - A force that causes a structure to bend.

Biomechanics - The study of the movement of living things using the science of mechanics.

Bradykinin - An inflammatory mediator comprised of a plasma protein that increases capillary membrane permeability and stimulates free nerve endings, causing pain during the acute inflammatory response.

Chemotaxis - The process where circulating leukocytes are attracted to an area of injury.

Chronic inflammation - A condition where tissue repair and maturation do not progress normally and the tissue enters a recurrent inflammatory process.

Collagen remodeling - A process where frail granulation tissue is replaced by thicker and stronger collagen strands to produce scar tissue.

Compression - A force that pushes structures together.

Deformation - The change in tissue shape that occurs in response to tissue load.

Duration - The period of time a force is applied to a tissue.

Exudates - The mass of blood and fluids that spill out of damaged tissue into the surrounding area causing primary edema.

Force - A phenomenon that creates a tissue load by pushing or pulling on the body.

Frequency - The degree of regularity a force is applied to a tissue.

Friction - A low-magnitude force in which contracting structures move in opposite directions and resist one another.

Granulation - A process where fibroblasts lay down a weak, delicate form of collagen in an area of injury where tissue was lost.

Gravity - A force that compresses structures downward.

Inflammatory response - A nonspecific immune response to injury or tissue damage causing the movement of white blood cells to an area and resulting in redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

Magnitude - The amount of force that is applied to a tissue.

Maturation stage - The final phase of the inflammatory response where scar tissue formation slows and the tissue is gradually able to withstand greater mechanical loads over time.

Mechanical strength - The amount of force a tissue can absorb or resist before failure.

RICE - An acronym for first aid measures believed to reduce pain following a soft-tissue injury, and limit swelling and tissue damage. RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.

Rate - The speed at which a force is applied to a tissue.

Repair stage - The second phase of the inflammatory response where new blood vessels develop and tissue regenerates.

Scar tissue - A permanent mass of connective tissue that replaces normal tissue after it's been damaged.

Shear - The parallel forces that act perpendicular to a structure and pull in opposite directions.

Sprain - An abnormal stretching or tearing of a ligament that supports a joint, which range from a few ligament fibers to a complete rupture. Common sprains are the anterior talofibular ligament in the ankle, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments inside the knee joint capsule.

Tension - A force that pulls the ends of a structure away from each other.

Tissue failure - The point at which structures are damaged by loads and lose their mechanical integrity, usually resulting in injury.

Tissue load - The amount of stress soft-tissue structures are under due to forces.

Tissue strain - The amount of deformation experienced by the tissue in response to a load.

Tissue stress - The amount of resistance the tissue exhibits in response to a load.

Torsion - A twisting force that occurs along a shaft or axis.

Practice Quiz

1. A force that compresses structures downward is:

a. tensegrity

b. shearing force

c. gravity

d. tensile force

2. A twisting force that occurs along an axis is defined as:

a. compression

b. tension

c. shear

d. torsion

3. The phase of the inflammatory response where new blood vessels develop and tissue regenerates is the:

a. maturation stage

b. acute stage

c. repair stage

d. chronic stage

4. Which cells are the first responders when inflammation is present?

a. phagocytes

b. red blood cells

c. white blood cells

d. lysosomes

5. All of the following techniques will promote collagen realignment during the repair stage of an injury EXCEPT:

a. myofascial release

b. friction

c. lymphatic drainage

d. petrissage

6. A low-magnitude force in which contracting structures move in opposite directions and resist one another is known as:

a. bending

b. friction

c. gravity

d. shear

7. The amount of force that is applied to a tissue is called:

a. rate

b. duration

c. magnitude

d. frequency

8. The period of time a force is applied to a tissue is called:

a. gravity response

b. duration

c. speed

d. force production

9. The speed at which a force is applied to a tissue is known as:

a. frequency

b. duration

c. rate

d. magnitude

10. What is the amount of force a tissue can absorb or resist before failure?

a. mechanical strength

b. tissue failure rate

c. magnitude rate

d. tissue response rate

11. What is a force that pulls the ends of a structure away from each other?

a. tension

b. bending

c. compression

d. shear

12. The cellular debris destruction naturally initiated by the body in response to injury is referred to as:

a. chemotaxis

b. phagocytosis

c. necrosis

d. inflammation

13. The study of the movement of living things using the science of mechanics is called:

a. biomechanics

b. ecomechanics

c. force mechanics

d. body mechanics

14. What do you call the amount of stress soft-tissue structures are under due to forces?

a. tissue load

b. connective load

c. tensegrity load

d. shear load

15. Trauma that stretches or tears the ligaments but does not displace bone is called a:

a. strain

b. dislocation

c. sprain

d. herniation

16. Your client reports that yesterday he was helping his son move into a third-floor apartment. They were lifting a couch up the final flight of stairs when he felt a sudden pull in his low back followed by a surge of heat. Today, he can’t stand up straight and has a significant pain level in his lower lumbar spine. What can you surmise based on his report?

a. he is in the subacute stage of inflammation in which collagen remodeling is occurring

b. he is in the maturation stage of inflammation in which scar tissue is forming

c. he is in the acute stage of inflammation in which granulation is occurring

d. he is in the chronic stage of inflammation in which collagen remodeling is occurirng

17. All of the following are signs of inflammation EXCEPT:

a. swelling

b. heat

c. redness

d. numbness

18. A phenomenon that creates a tissue load by pushing or pulling on the body is called:

a. influence

b. power

c. force

d. energy

19.

20.

21.

22.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. C

2. D

3. C

4. C

5. C

6. B

7. C

8. B

9. C

10. A

11. A

12. B

13. A

14. A

15. C

16. C

17. D

18. C

19.

20.

21.

Energetic Anatomy

Terminology

Biomagnetic field - The electromagnetic field produced as a result of the body's electrical activity that is projected into the space around the body. Many energetic bodywork methods believe that their methods can strengthen and enhance the body's biomagnetic field to improve health and wellness.

Blood - The Chinese concept of blood views it as an extension of qi that originates in the heart and bone marrow. Blood is moved by qi, and qi is nourished by blood.

Body fluid - The Chinese concept of body fluid is that saliva, perspiration, mucus, tears, and synovial fluid lubricate tissues and organs of the body for good health.

Chakras - A Sanskrit word that means "a wheel" and refers to the Ayurvedic understanding of energy centers in the body that are currently used in many bodywork systems and in yoga practices. There are seven primary chakras that can be balanced through a variety of different methods or practices. Imbalance among the chakras is believed to cause a continuous feeling of dissatisfaction.

Dosha - A concept in ayurvedic medicine from India. There are three doshas (vata, pitta, and kapha) that are viewed as vital body energies and the energies that underlie all things in the world. Vata is the strongest and combines the elements of space and air. Pitta means "to heat" and is composed of fire and water. Kapha is the most stable of the doshas and is composed of earth and water.

Energetic anatomy - A general term, adopted by the Federation of Massage Therapy Boards, to describe a small section of the Massage and Bodywork Licensing Examination (MBLEx). This section of the test addresses common concepts in massage and bodywork systems that are based on beliefs of energy movement and stagnation. This includes concepts from many systems originating in Eastern cultures like China, Japan, India, as well as on other non-Eastern methods that are also based on beliefs of how energy operates and can be used therapeutically.

Essential substances - The Chinese believe the body contains five essential substances known as qi, jing, shen, blood, and body fluid. The goal of many Asian bodywork systems is to ensure these substances flow freely, or are strengthened in the individual, to promote health and wellness.

Hara - A concept in the Japanese bodywork system called shiatsu, which refers to a practitioner's own ki (shiatsu is a Japanese method and therefore, "ki" is used as opposed to "qi," which is Chinese) to stabilize the ki of the client. The word "hara" means abdominal region or belly. The practitioner learns to initiate all of his or her movements from the hara to better support the client.

Jing - A Chinese word that means "essence" and refers to an essential substance of the body that is believed to reside in the kidneys and govern a person's physical condition and development process.

Meridian system - In Asian bodywork systems, meridians are understood as an energy network composed of channels, collaterals, and their associated organs, sense organs, and tissues. The channels are pathways or routes where qi flows, and the collaterals are interconnecting branches that link the channels to different organs and the external tissues of the skin, tendons, and muscles in the network.

Prana - In ayurvedic medicine from India, prana refers to the vital life force energy of the body and the source of all knowledge. It flows through a network of subtle energy channels that can be linked to the Chinese concept of the meridian system.

Qi - Also written as "chi" in Chinese and as "ki" in Japanese, this is the energy that underlies everything in the universe. In the human body, it is vital life force energy. When it is condensed and consolidated energy, it forms matter to give the body its shape and substance. As dispersed energy, it provides the momentum behind all physiological and psychological processes. It has five primary functions: transformation (e.g., food - a form of energy is converted to energy in the body), movement (e.g., such as the movements of walking or standing), stabilization (e.g., the structural integrity of the body), protection (e.g., the external energy field of the body), and warmth (e.g., metabolism that warms the body). In many Asian bodywork systems, the goal of treatment is to promote the harmonious flow of qi through and around the body to positively influence health and wellness.

Shen - A Chinese word that means "spirit" or "psyche" and refers to an essential substance of the body that is believed to reside in the heart and be associated with a person's personality.

The five elements - The Chinese concept of the five elements is an analogy for better understanding the natural world and the human body. The five elements are wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. They correspond to colors, climatic factors, growth and development, motions or patterns of movement, seasons, flavors, body organs, sense organs, tissue types, and emotion.

Practice Quiz

1. In the Chinese concept of body fluid, mucus, tears, and perspiration do this:

a. promote flow of qi

b. strengthen the hara

c. lubricate tissues and organs

d. transform the dosha

2. Vata is an example of a(n):

a. meridian

b. dosha

c. essential substance

d. hara

3. What Chinese word means "spirit" and is one of the five essential substances?

a. jing

b. hara

c. shen

d. blood

4. One of the five elements in Chinese medical systems is:

a. metal

b. jing

c. hara

d. shen

5. What is the energy, considered vital life force energy, that underlies everything in the universe in Chinese concepts of medicine?

a. dosha

b. biomagnetic field

c. five elements

d. qi

6. The Sanskrit word for "wheel" refers to this energy center in the body:

a. hara

b. meridian

c. dosha

d. chakra

7. Hara refers to the:

a. the thigh

b. the low-back region

c. abdominal region

d. the armpit area

8. The field produced as a result of the body's electrical activity that is projected into the space around the body is called a:

a. biomagnetic field

b. dosha

c. hara

d. meridian

9. Doshas are a concept of vital body energies related to this country:

a. Japan

b. India

c. China

D. Thailand

10. Your client just went through a divorce after 20 years of marriage. She had to move from the beautiful home she shared with her husband to a small one-bedroom apartment. She reports she has no energy or motivation and can barely get herself out of the apartment to go to work. All she wants to do is lie in bed and sleep. Stimulation of which chakra will be most beneficial in enhancing her motivation and vitality?

a. Third-eye chakra

b. solar plexus chakra

c. root chakra

d. crown chakra

11. What is a general term based on beliefs of energy movement and stagnation?

a. energetic anatomy

b. biomagnetic field

c. hara

d. five elements

12. Energy networks composed of channels, collaterals, and associated organs and tissues are called:

a. jing

b. elements

c. meridians

d. substances

13. Imbalance in this is believed to cause continuous feelings of dissatisfaction:

a. elements

b. jing

c. substances

d. chakras

14. What Chinese word means "essence" and is one of the five essential substances?

a. jing

b. blood

c. hara

d. shen

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. C

2. B

3. C

4. A

5. D

6. D

7. C

8. A

9. B

10. B

11. A

12. C

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.