ABMP: Anatomy and Physiology (cont. 4)

The Respiratory System

Terminology

Alveoli - Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange occurs.

Bronchial tree - Air passageways, including the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

Cilia - Minute, hair-like organelles that line the respiratory track, beat in rhythmic waves, and sweep away fluids and particles.

Diaphragm - Umbrella-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities; the primary muscle of respiration.

Expiration (exhalation) - A phase in pulmonary ventilation or breathing where air moves out of the lungs.

Inspiration (inhalation) - A phase in pulmonary ventilation or breathing where air moves into the lungs.

Larynx - Part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea used for voice production.

Lower respiratory tract - The section of the respiratory tract that includes the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

Lungs - Organs of respiration that take in oxygen and transmit it via the circulatory system to the entire body.

Nasal cavity - A mucosa-lined space on either side of the nasal septum that lies above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils.

Nose - The external organ of scent.

Olfaction - The sense of smell or process of smelling.

Pharynx - The structure through which air and food pass on their way to the lungs (through the larynx) and stomach (through the esophagus).

Respiration - The exchanges of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between a living organism and its environment.

Respiratory membrane - The wall of epithelial cells that separates the air in the alveoli from blood in the capillaries. It is the site of gas exchange in the lungs.

Respiratory system - The body system responsible for the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide; includes all parts of the respiratory tract from the nose to the alveoli.

Trachea - Tube extending from the larynx to the thorax where it divides into two bronchi.

Upper respiratory tract - The section of the respiratory tract that includes the nose, nasal passages, mouth, pharynx, and the portion of the larynx above the vocal cords. Some experts include the entire larynx and vocal cords, too.

Ventilation - The exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere to exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

Vital capacity - The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs at the normal rate of exhalation after a maximum inspiration. It represents the greatest possible breathing capacity.

Practice Quiz

1. The alveolar sacs are made of multiple smaller cavities called:

a. alveolar cavities

b. alveolar ducts

c. bronchioles

d. alveoli

2. Each lung is covered by a serous membrane called the:

a. pleura

b. serudate

c. mediastinum

d. external alveoli

3. The primary muscle of respiration is the:

a. thoracic diaphragm

b. pectoralis major

c. external intercostals

d. pelvic diaphragm

4. Most of the thoracic cavity is occupied by the:

a. stomach

b. lungs

c. heart

d. trachea

5. The nasopharynx is the part of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity and above the:

a. glottis

b. soft palate

c. larynx

d. sinus

6. What are the vocal apparatus or the true vocal cords collectively referred to as?

a,. pharynx

b. larynx

c. epiglottis

d. glottis

7. The volume of air per minute that moves in and out of the lungs is the:

a. aspiration rate

b. pulmonation

c. pulmonary output

d. ventilation

8. The air sacs where the gas exchange between air and blood takes place are the:

a. pulmonary bullae

b. alveoli

c. bronchioles

d. larynx

9. Eupnea is a term that describes:

a. hyperventilation

b. yawning

c. hiccups

d. normal, resting breathing

10. The volume of air left in the lungs after a maximum exhalation is the:

a. excess air capacity

b. residual volume

c. tidal volume

d. total lung capacity

11. An inflammation of the cavities in the frontal bone, maxilla, or ethmoid bone is:

a. sinusitis

b. osteitis

c. strep throat

d. laryngitis

12. All of the following are muscles of respiration EXCEPT for:

a. internal intercostals

b. the diaphragm

c. pectoralis major

d. external intercostals

13. The trachea and all the branching airways are referred to as the:

a. bronchial tree

b. alveoli

c. pulmonary lobes

d. bronchial segments

14. What is the term for the piece of cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing?

a. thymal cartilage

b. alveoli

c. epiglottis

d. laryngeal cartilage

15. During external respiration, the blood in the pulmonary capillaries gains oxygen and releases:

a. carbon dioxide

b. carbon monoxide

c. sodium nitrate

d. potassium nitrate

16. As you review session notes prior to the arrival of your next client, you recall that she suffers from severe asthma due in part to environmental allergies. Her chief complaints are neck and shoulder pain along with anxiety, which occasionally leads to panic attacks. What is the best action you can take to prepare the massage environment prior to her arrival?

a. diffuse peppermint oil into the room to assist with dilating her airways

b. open windows to ventilate the room and wipe off surfaces that may have dust

c. warm up rice bags to lay on her upper back and neck in prone position

d. lower the table in case she has a panic attack and needs to get up quickly

17. The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal ______.

a. septum

b. sinus

c. bronchial

d. villi

18. Internal respiration refers to the exchange of blood between:

a. the internal and external environments

b. the blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

c. the lungs and the heart

d. the air spaces in the lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries

19.

20.

21.

22.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. D

2. A

3. A

4. B

5. B

6. D

7. D

8. B

9. D

10. B

11. A

12. C

13. A

14. C

15. A

16. B

17. A

18. B

19.

20.

The Endocrine System

Terminology

Adrenal glands - The endocrine glands situated on top of each kidney that produce many hormones for use by kidneys and other body cells, including adrenaline.

Cortisol - The hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress; aids in metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates; increases blood sugar and suppresses the immune system.

Dopamine - The hormone and neurotransmitter with many functions for brain and body; increases metabolism, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood flow to heart, liver, and skeletal muscles.

Endocrine glands - Ductless glands that secrete hormones into intercellular spaces.

Endocrine system - The body system composed of glands that secrete hormones; works with the nervous system in managing other body systems.

Endorphins - The small peptides found in many parts of the body that function as natural painkillers; also linked to memory, learning, pleasure sensations, etc.

Epinephrine - The hormone secreted by the adrenal glands linked to a fight-or-flight stress response; causes increase in heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, and blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Exocrine glands - Glands that secrete their substances out through a duct; examples include sweat glands, salivary glands, and glands within the gastrointestinal tract.

Growth hormone - A protein hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, that affects the growth of cartilage and collagen, and increases height in children.

Hormones - The chemicals secreted by endocrine glands that stimulate a variety of functions in other body systems.

Hypothalamus - The part of the brain below the thalamus that regulates many important nervous system functions and communicates closely with the pituitary gland.

Neurohormone - The hormones produced and secreted by neuroendocrine cells.

Norepinephrine - The hormone and neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla that increases heart rate.

Ovaries - The pair of organs in the female that produce eggs and secrete female sex hormones.

Pancreas - A gland in the abdomen with endocrine and exocrine functions.

Parathyroid glands - Four tiny glands embedded in the thyroid that secrete hormones to regulate calcium metabolism.

Pineal gland - The endocrine gland in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin.

Pituitary gland - A small, oval gland residing in a bony recess of the sphenoid bone that produces hormones affecting many organs and other glands of the body, and contains both neural and epithelial tissue. Called the master gland.

Testes - Gonads that produce gametes and hormones for reproduction.

Thymus gland - A specialized organ of the immune system that secretes the hormone thymosin, which promotes the maturation of T lymphocytes.

Thyroid gland - The endocrine gland anterior to the trachea that secretes hormones to regulate metabolism in the body.

Practice Quiz

1. Another term for the pituitary gland is the:

a. hypophysis

b. hypothymus

c. hyperthymus

d. hyperphysis

2. Which of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone?

a. thyroid-stimulating hormone

b. follicle-stimulating hormone

c. melatonin

d. prolactin

3. Which of the following is NOT considered a sex hormone?

a. testosterone

b. estrogen

c. norepinephrine

d. progesterone

4. During the check-in process at the beginning of her massage appointment, your client expresses overwhelm due to three major life events happening simultaneously: her daughter’s wedding, a promotion at work, and placing her husband’s mother in assisted living care. As you begin the session with a resting hold, you see that the client's breathing is shallow and feel a quick pulse and tense muscles under your hands. Which hormone is likely the culprit of these autonomic physiological responses?

a. dopamine

b. cortisol

c. serotonin

d. epinephrine

5. This gland is referred to as the master gland because the hormones it produces control several other glands:

a. pituitary

b. thyroid

c. hypothalamus

d. spleen

6. Which gland is the site of T-cell maturation and is larger in children than adults?

a. thyroid

b. adrenals

c. pituitary

d. thymus

7. The rate at which the body metabolizes in a resting state is known as the:

a. passive basal rate

b. basal metabolic rate

c. resting metabolic rate

d. anaerobic resting rate

8. Which hormones are able to go directly through the plasma membrane of the target cell?

a. protein

b. prolactin

c. steroid

d. oxytocin

9. Glands that secrete substances through a duct are called:

a. endocrine glands

b. hormone glands

c. exocrine glands

d. negative-feedback glands

10. The hormone that increases blood sugar and suppresses the immune system after secretion by the adrenal cortex is:

a. prolactin

b. cortisol

c. somatostatin

d. progesterone

11. The hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce steroids is the:

a. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

b. melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

c. Cholecystokinin (CKK)

d. atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

12. The hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress is:

a. thyroid

b. insulin

c. cortisol

d. endorphins

13. The cell groups within the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagons are known collectively as:

a. somatostatins

b. the islets of Langerhans

c. glucocorticoids

d. the insulin complex

14. The pituitary is located in the sella turcica of which bone?

a. occipital

b. temporal

c. ethmoid

d. sphenoid

15. Growth hormone is produced by the:

a. thyroid

b. anterior pituitary

c. posterior pituitary

d. adrenals

16. Where is the thymus gland located?

a. inferior and posterior stomach

b. at the back of the throat

c,. fossa of sphenoid bone, base of brain

d. behind the sternum, between the lungs

17. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) acts on the:

a. thyroid

b. trachea

c. thymus

d. testes

18. The hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that aids in metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates is:

a. cortisol

b. relaxin

c. melatonin

d. glucagon

19. What are the small peptides found in many parts of the body that function as natural painkillers, and are also linked to memory, learning, pleasure sensations, etc.?

a. cortisol

b. glucagon

c. prolactin

d. endorphins

20. The ______is two glands in one because it contains both neural and epithelial tissue.

a. pituitary

b. thymus

c. hypothalamus

d. thyroid

21. What gland produces melatonin?

a. thymus

b. pineal

c. thyroid

d. hypothalamus

22. The outer portion of the adrenal gland that produces cortisol is the adrenal:

a. cortex

b. corticotrpoin

c. catecholamine

d. medulla

23. The outer portion of the adrenal gland that produces cortisol is the adrenal:

a. endorphins

b. melatonin

c. insulin

d. relaxin

24. The adrenal glands are located:

a. in the mediastinum

b. on top of each kidney

c. in the thoracic cavity

d. on top of each lung

25. What are the organic chemical messengers of the body?

a. neurons

b. brain cells

c. chemoreceptors

d. hormones

26. Adrenaline is produced by which part of the adrenal gland?

a. adrenal medulla

b. islets of Langerhans

c. basal center

d. adrenal cortex

27. The chemical agents that cause localized immune reactions, such as to a bee sting or snake bite, are known as:

a. hypophysis

b. immunizers

c. histamines

d. catecholamines

28. This part of the brain regulates many important nervous system functions and communicates closely with the pituitary gland:

a. ovaries

b. adrenal

c. hypothalamus

d. pancreas

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. A

2. C

3. C

4. D

5. A

6. B

7. C

8. C

9. C

10. B

11. A

12. C

13. B

14. D

15. B

16. D

17. A

18. A

19. D

20. A

21. B

22. A

23. A

24. B

25. D

26. A

27. C

28. C

The Reproductive System

Terminology

Clitoris - The sensitive erectile tissue of the external female genitalia.

Endometriosis - A condition where endometrial cells grow outside the uterus, create an inflammatory response and eventually scar tissue, often resulting in dysmenorrhea or infertility.

Estrogen - A hormone that causes the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and stimulates growth of epithelial cells lining the uterus.

Fallopian tubes - The tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

Gametes - A male or female reproductive cell that contains half of the genetic material of the organism (referred to as a haploid chromosome set because it only contains one set of chromosomes) and is capable of initiating formation of a new individual by fusion with a gamete of the opposite sex.

Gonads - The essential organs of reproduction (male testes and female ovaries).

Infertility - An abnormally low ability to reproduce.

Luteinizing hormone - A hormone released by the pituitary gland that controls the length and sequence of the female menstrual cycle, including ovulation and preparation of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. It stimulates ovarian production of both estrogen and progesterone. In males, it stimulates the testes to produce androgen.

Menstrual cycle - The recurring monthly series of physiological changes in women in which an egg is produced in the process known as ovulation, and the uterine lining thickens to allow for implantation if fertilization occurs. If the egg is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus breaks down and is discharged during menstruation.

Ova - The female reproductive cell, which is capable of developing into a human being after fertilization.

Ovaries - The pair of organs in the female that produce eggs and secrete female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

Ovulation - The release of the ovum from the ovary in response to the luteinizing hormone around 14–15 days from the first day of the woman's last menstrual cycle. The ovum moves into the fallopian tube and becomes available for fertilization.

Ovum - A mature egg that is ready for fertilization.

Oxytocin - The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates contraction of smooth muscles of the pregnant uterus and mammary glands; it is key in stimulating labor, milk production, and mother/infant bonding.

Penis - The male reproductive organ, which is primarily erectile tissue, that serves as a passage for ejaculate and urine.

Premenstrual syndrome - A collection of symptoms caused by hormonal changes before menstruation including bloating, abdominal tenderness, headaches, emotional instability, etc.

Progesterone - A sex hormone that causes the proliferation and vascularization of the epithelial lining of the uterus and acts with estrogen to initiate the menstrual cycle.

Prostate gland - A gland that surrounds the urethra of males at the base of the bladder and secretes an alkaline fluid that makes up part of the semen.

Reproductive system - The body system responsible for the propagation of offspring.

Scrotum - The thin sac of skin and fascia that holds the testes.

Seminal vesicles - A pair of glands, located on each side of the bladder in males, that open into the vas deferens near its junction with the urethra; they secrete many of the components of semen.

Sperm - A cell that is produced by the male sexual organs and that combines with the female's egg in reproduction.

Spermatogenesis - The process by which sperm develop to become mature sperm, capable of fertilizing an ovum.

Sterility - The inability to reproduce offspring.

Testes - Gonads that produce gametes and hormones for reproduction.

Testosterone - A sex hormone that causes the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.

Uterus - The muscular organ in the female pelvic region where the fetus develops during pregnancy.

Vagina - The fleshy canal located between the cervix and the vulva in females.

Vulva - The external female genitalia; includes labia majora and minora, mons pubis, clitoris, the vestibule of the vagina and its glands, and urethral and vaginal openings.

Zygote - A cell that is formed when an egg and a sperm combine; a fertilized egg.

Practice Quiz

1. Which of the following is not part of the reproductive system?

a. testes

b. uterus

c. adrenal glands

d. vas deferens

2. Which of the following is not a risk factor for prostate cancer?

a. drug use

b. age

c. family history

d. diet

3. Sperm production is called what?

a. spermatogenesis

b. spermatization

c. spermatophore

d. spermatozoa

4. Which glands secrete mucus in the vagina during sexual arousal?

a. labial

b. vestibular

c. clitoral

d. Cowper's

5. What is another term for foreskin?

a. prepuce

b. epididymis

c. corpus spongiosum

d. glans

6. The type of cell division that results in haploid cells is called:

a. meiosis

b. diplosis

c. autosomic division

d. chromosome regulation

7. The human papillomavirus has been implicated as a factor in:

a. heart disease

b. PMS

c. cervical cancer

d. melanoma

8. What is the general term for the female external genitalia?

a. slitoris

b. vulva

c. labia majora

d. epithelium

9. The canal leading from a woman's cervix to the external genitalia is the:

a. eustachian tube

b. uterine tube

c. corpus lutenum

d. vagina

10. The scrotum is a pouch-like sac responsible for holding what?

a. testes

b. prostate

c. gametes

d. sperm

11. The production of female gametes (sex cell) is called:

a. spermatogenesis

b. estrogenesis

c. folliculosis

d. oogenesis

12. What is the padding of fatty tissue that covers the pubic symphysis?

a. mons pubis

b. vulva

c. clitoris

d. vestibule

13. What structure, also known as the seminal duct, carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

a. urethra

b. vas defernes

c. prostate

d. spermatozoa

14. The _____ is where sperm are stored and increase their motility.

a. prostate gland

b. seminal vesicles

c. epididymis

d. vas deferens

15. The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is called:

a. Lactiferous duct

b. cervix

c. fallopian tube

d. urethra

16. Where does sperm production occur?

a. spermatic cord

b. seminiferous tubules

c. seminal vesicles

d. tunica albuginea

17. The female homolog of the male testes is the:

a. fallopian tube

b. round ligament

c. clitoris

d. ovary

18. This hormone causes the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics (e.g., breast development):

a. estrogen

b. testosterone

c. growth stimulating hormone

d. progesterone

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. C

2. A

3. A

4. B

5. A

6. A

7. C

8. B

9. D

10. A

11. D

12. A

13. B

14. C

15. C

16. B

17. D

18.

19.

20.

21.