ABMP: Anatomy and Physiology (cont. 3)

The Cardiovascular System

Terminology

Aorta - The largest artery, leading from the left ventricle.

Arteries - The distribution vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Arteriole - The smaller arteries that terminate in capillaries.

Atrium - Each of the two upper chambers in the heart that receive blood from veins.

Blood - The liquid connective tissue that supplies oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other agents to the body's cells; also maintains body temperature and plays a role in immune function.

Blood pressure - The force of blood exerted upon blood vessel walls. It is measured in systolic pressure (the amount of pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricle) and diastolic pressure (the amount of pressure when the ventricle relaxes).

Capillary - The smallest blood vessel in which oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in the tissues.

Cardiac cycle - Each complete heartbeat, including the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles.

Cardiovascular system - The body system responsible for the circulation of blood; includes the heart and blood vessels.

Circulation - The movement of fluids throughout the body.

Deep vein thrombosis - The formation of a thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein, usually in the legs.

Diastole - The time period when the heart is resting between contractions. A rhythmically recurrent expansion of the cavities of the heart during which they fill with blood.

Edema - The swelling of soft tissues caused by excessive fluid in the interstitial spaces.

Endocardium - The inner lining of the heart.

Erythrocytes - Red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Formed elements - Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Heart - A hollow, muscular organ that, by its rhythmic contraction, acts as a force pump maintaining the circulation of the blood. The sinoatrial (SA) node generates electrical impulses to act as the heart's natural pacemaker.

Heart attack - Myocardial infarction; when cardiac muscle cells die due to insufficient oxygen because of improper coronary circulation.

Heart valves - The folds of fibrous tissue within arteries and veins that open or close according to the difference in pressure between chambers of the heart. The four main heart valves are: two atrioventricular (AV) valves, the mitral valve (bicuspid valve), and the tricuspid valve, which are all between the upper atria and the lower ventricles. Other heart valves include the two semilunar (SL) valves, the aortic valve, and the pulmonary valve, which are all in the arteries leaving the heart.

Hypertension - High blood pressure.

Inferior vena cava - The largest vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower body.

Left atrium - The left posterior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins and moves it into the left ventricle.

Left ventricle - The left posterior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins and moves it into the left ventricle.

Leukocytes - The left posterior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins and moves it into the left ventricle.

Lumen - The space within a tubular structure such as arteries and veins.

Myocardium - The middle part of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle.

Pericardium - The outer lining of the heart.

Plasma - The pale yellow liquid portion of the blood without its formed elements; makes up 55% of total blood volume.

Platelets - A formed element of the blood that plays an essential role in blood clotting.

Pulmonary artery - Right and left pulmonary arteries move deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to receive oxygen.

Pulmonary circulation - The passage of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

Pulmonary vein - Vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart.

Pulse - The regular expansion of an artery caused by the ejection of blood into the arterial system via heart contractions; it is palpable at major arteries.

Red bone marrow - One of two types of bone marrow in the body. It consists of highly vascular fibrous tissue containing stem cells, which differentiate into erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and megakaryocytes (platelets).

Right atrium - The right upper chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and moves it into the right ventricle.

Right ventricle - The lower right chamber of the heart that receives blood from the right atrium and moves it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

Stroke - Disruption of blood flow to the brain causing brain cell death and various degrees of damage.

Superior vena cava - A large vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper body.

Systemic circulation - The passage of arterial blood from the heart's left atrium to the left ventricle, to the systemic arteries and capillaries, and to the organs and tissues, in exchange for carbon dioxide; and the return of the carbon-dioxide-transporting blood to the systemic veins to enter the right atrium of the heart and to take part in pulmonary circulation.

Systole - The time period when the heart is contracting. A rhythmically recurrent contraction of the heart by which the blood is forced onward and the circulation kept up.

Thrombocytes - Platelets that aid in blood clotting.

Thrombophlebitis - A blood clot that causes inflammation in the wall of a vein and insufficient circulation.

Varicose veins - Pooling of blood in the veins, due to the improper function of valves, that creates visibly protruding veins.

Vasoconstriction - Narrowing or contracting of a vessel.

Vasodilation - Relaxation causing widening of the lumen of a vessel.

Vein - Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

Ventricles - The two lower chambers in the heart (separated by the interventricular septum) that discharge blood into arteries.

Venule - Small veins.

Practice Quiz

1. Which of the following is not part of the cardiovascular system?

a. veins

b. left ventricle

c. arteries

d. bile duct

2. The blood returning from the lungs enters the:

a. right atrium

b. superior vena cava

c. pulmonary artery

d. left atrium

3. A blood clot is also referred to as a(n):

a. thrombus

b. fibrin

c. antigen

d. platelet plug

4. The blood drainage from the systemic circulation of the body enters the:

a. pulmonary artery

b. hepatic portal

c. left atrium

d. right atrium

5. The passage of arterial blood from the heart's left atrium to the left ventricle, to the arteries and capillaries, to the organs and tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide is part of:

a. pulmonary circulation

b. systemic circulation

c. local circulation

d. venule circulation

6. The primary pump of the cardiovascular system is the:

a. muscles of respiration

b. muscle pump

c. heart

d. aorta

7. The upper (receiving) chambers of the heart make up the:

a. ventricles

b. atrium

c. bicuspid valves

d. tricuspid valves

8. Plasma is what percent of total blood volume?

a. 10

b. 45

c. 90

d. 55

9. Oxygenated blood is carried in the:

a. arteries

b. pulmonary artery

c. bile duct

d. venules

10. What are the vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs?

a. pulmonary arteries

b. vena cavae

c. left atrium

d. pulmonary veins

11. The movement of blood through the cardiovascular system is called:

a. ambulation

b. cyclic path

c. krebs cycle

d. circulation

12. White blood cells are also referred to as:

a. fibrocytes

b. leukocytes

c. erythrocytes

d. thrombocytes

13. The smallest of arteries are the:

a. elastic arteries

b. pulmonary sinuses

c. precapillary sphincters

d. aterioles

14. The return of deoxygenated blood from the tissues is through the:

a. veins

b. atria

c. capillaries

d. arteries

15. Which of the following is not a heart valve?

a. mitral

b. cardiac

c. tricuspid

d. pulmonary

16. The connective tissue sac that encloses the heart is the:

a. myocardium

b. duracardium

c. dura matter

d. pericardium

17. The heart muscle receives blood via:

a. systemic circulation

b. pulmonary circulation

c. arterial circulation

d. coronary circulation

18. The smallest veins are called:

a. microvessels

b. venules

c. venues

d. capillaries

19. Diastole refers to the ____ of the myocardium.

a. BPM

b. contraction

c. relaxation

d. neuroactivity

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. D

2. D

3. A

4. D

5. B

6. C

7. B

8. D

9. A

10. D

11. D

12. B

13. D

14. A

15. B

16. D

17. D

18. B

19. C

20.

21.

The Lymphatic System

Terminology

Axillary nodes - Lymph nodes located in the axillary region (armpit) that receive lymph from the upper extremity and the thoracic quadrant of the trunk.

Catchment - A group of lymph nodes.

Cervical nodes - Lymph nodes located in the cervical (neck) region that receive lymph from the head and face.

Cisterna chyli - The enlarged lower end of the thoracic duct.

Edema - Excessive fluid in the interstitial spaces.

Immune system - Components from different body systems that work together to protect the body from disease and disorder.

Inguinal nodes - Lymph nodes located in the inguinal (groin) region that receive lymph from the thigh, hip, perineum, and lower abdominal region.

Interstitial fluid - Fluid that is located in the microscopic spaces between cells and provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body. It is formed by filtration through the blood capillaries, it is drained away as lymph, and it closely resembles blood plasma in composition (but contains less protein).

Intralymphatic valve - A valve that prevents reflow of lymphatic fluid within a lymphatic vessel.

Lymph - Fluid in the lymphatic vessels that plays a role in immune function.

Lymph capillaries - The smallest lymphatic vessels.

Lymph nodes - The round or oval bodies along lymph vessels that filter large particles from the lymph.

Lymphatic system - A system of the body comprised of lymphatic vessels, organs, tissue, and lymphocytes that perform immune functions.

Lymphatic terminus - An area at the base of the neck where the lymphatic vessels return the lymph to the circulatory system.

Lymphatic tissue - The tissue found in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen that is responsible for manufacturing lymphocytes and monocytes.

Lymphatic vessels - The tubes through which the lymph travels throughout the body.

Lymphocyte - White blood cells that participate in the immune system.

Memory cells - A lymphocyte that tracks microorganisms encountered by the body.

Peyer’s patches - Lymphoid tissue located in the submucosa of the intestines.

Popliteal nodes - Lymph nodes located in the popliteal region that receive lymph from the foot and leg.

Right lymphatic duct - A collecting vessel for lymph.

Spleen - A large, vascular lymphatic organ.

Submandibular nodes - Lymph nodes located beneath the mandible that receive drainage from the cheeks and floor of the mouth.

Thoracic duct - Also called the left lymphatic duct, this is the largest collecting vessel for lymph.

Thymus gland - A specialized organ of the immune system (located behind the sternum) that secretes the hormone thymosin, which promotes the maturation of T lymphocytes.

Thyroid gland - The endocrine gland anterior to the trachea that secretes hormones to regulate metabolism in the body.

Tonsils - Masses of lymphatic tissue that are located in a ring at the back of the mouth and throat that protect against bacterial invasion.

Practice Quiz

1. One of the largest concentrations of lymph nodes is in the:

a. maxilla

b. hands

c. feet

d. axilla

2. Backflow in the lymphatics is prevented by the:

a. venous pressure

b. intralymphatic valve

c. muscle action

d. edema

3. The lymph tissue in the wall of the intestine is:

a. abdominal nodes

b. Peyer's patches

c. islet glands

d. mesenteric nodes

4. After childhood, the thymus tissue is replaced by fat and connective tissue. This process is called:

a. involution

b. degeneration

c. devolution

d. evolution

5. The largest organ of the lymph system is the:

a. thoracic duct

b. liver

c. cisterna chyli

d. spleen

6. Which is the largest lymphatic duct?

a. right lymphatic duct

b. inguinal lymphatic duct

c. cardiac duct

d. thoracic duct

7. Lymph nodes function as:

a. filters

b. glands

c. valves

d. neurons

8. The lymph drainage from the upper right quadrant of the body reaches the blood via the:

a. right cervical duct

b. thoracic duct

c. axillary nodes

d. right lymphatic duct

9. Lymph nodes at the posterior knee are referred to as:

a. paratid

b. tibial

c. supratrochlear

d. popliteal

10. Once a person has chicken pox, he is considered immune to acquiring it in the future. This type of immunity is known as:

a. active naturally acquired immunity

b. passive naturally acquired immunity

c. active artificially acquired immunity

d. passive artificially acquired immunity

11. Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

a. right thoracic vein

b. right brachial vein

c. right subclavian vein

d. right aortic vein

12. What are the nodes that receive immediate drainage from the cheeks and floor of the mouth?

a. suprahyoid nodes

b. lingual nodes

c. submandibular nodes

d. cervical nodes

13. Lymph drainage from the feet, legs, and gluteal region passes through the:

a. sacral nodes

b. politeal nodes

c. inguinal nodes

d. pelvic nodes

14. Your client presents with mild edema in his left tibiofemoral joint, resulting in a sensation of pressure, mild pain levels, and slightly limited range of motion. Which application of massage strokes would be most beneficial in supporting reduced edema?

a. superficial strokes from proximal to distal toward the tarsal lymph nodes

b. superficial strokes from distal to proximal toward the inguinal lymph nodes

c. deep strokes from distal to proximal toward the cervical lymph nodes

d. deep strokes from proximal to distal toward the popliteal lymph nodes

15. How many sets of tonsils are in the body?

a. 6

b. 4

c. 3

d. 2

16. The accumulation of excess tissue fluid due to damage or absence of lymph vessels or nodes is:

a. lymphedema

b. angiedema

c. swelling

d. myxedema

17. Where is the thymus gland located?

a. below the kidneys

b. behind the sternum

c. superficial in the axilla

d. behind the trachea

18. The body's lack of resistance to a pathogen is known as:

a. nonresistance

b. predisposition

c. susceptibility

d. general immunity

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. D

2. B

3. B

4. A

5. D

6. D

7. A

8. D

9. D

10. A

11. C

12. C

13. C

14. B

15. C

16. A

17. B

18. C

19.

20.

21.

The Immune System

Terminology

Adaptive immunity - Synonymous with specific immunity referring to the body's ability to remember, recognize, and respond to certain harmful substances or bacteria.

Allergen - An antigen that triggers an allergic response.

Allergic reaction - A hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system where normally harmless substances are treated as if they are dangerous. Allergic reactions can be mild to moderate with symptoms that include red and itchy eyes, runny nose, eczema, hives, an asthma attack, or anaphylaxis, which can interfere with breathing and is potentially life-threatening.

Antibodies - Plasma protein released by plasma B cells that can bind with an antigen to neutralize or kill it; also called immunoglobulin

Antigen - A harmful substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

Autoimmune diseases - Any disease characterized by the immune system attacking the body's own tissues.

Autoimmunity - A condition in which the body produces an immune response against its own tissue constituents.

B cells - Specialized white blood cells involved in antibody-mediated immunity.

Catchment - A group of lymph nodes.

Cervical nodes - Lymph nodes in the neck.

Hypersensitivity - An excessive and inappropriate response of the immune system.

Immune system - Components from different body systems that work together to protect the body from disease and disorder.

Inflammatory response - A nonspecific immune response to injury or tissue damage causing the movement of white blood cells to an area and resulting in redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

Inguinal nodes - Lymph nodes in the inguinal (groin) region.

Lymphocyte - A type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells (that destroy particular bacteria, viruses, and chemical toxins) and T cells (that do not secrete antibodies but instead, directly attack bacteria or cancerous cells).

Macrophage - Another type of white blood cell that works with lymphocytes in the immune system.

Mechanical barriers - Natural barriers, like the skin and mucous membranes, that prevent entry to the body by bacteria or other substances.

Memory cells - A lymphocyte that tracks microorganisms encountered by the body.

Monocytes - A large, phagocytic leukocyte that circulates to provide immune protection and constitutes from 3–8% of white blood cells in humans.

Neutrophils - A type of white blood cell that protects the body from invading microorganisms through phagocytosis.

Nonspecific immunity - Also called innate immunity, this is the defense system with which humans are born. It is not targeted at a specific agent but rather provides the first line of defense in an immune response through the skin barrier, through enzymes in tears and skin oil, through mucus which traps bacteria, and through stomach acid.

Peyer’s patches - The lymphoid tissue located in the submucosa of the intestines.

Phagocyte - White blood cells that digest foreign or dead organisms.

Phagocytosis - The process performed by a phagocyte whereby an invading microorganism is taken into the cell body and digested.

Specific immunity - Immune response targeted at a specific infectious agent (also called adaptive immunity).

T cells - A type of lymphocyte that plays a key role in cell-mediated immunity.

Thymus gland - A specialized organ of the immune system that secretes the hormone thymosin, which promotes the maturation of T lymphocytes.

Tonsils - Lymphoid tissue in the pharyngeal region that aids with immune function in the mouth.

Practice Quiz

1. Cells that retain a "record" of a particular antigen for a fast immune response are called:

a. mnemonic cells

b. memory cells

c. astrocytes

d. phagocytes

2. A large, circulating leukocyte that constitutes from 3–8% of white blood cells in humans is a:

a. basophil

b. megakaryocyte

c. monocyte

d. mast cell

3. When we are able to resist threats to our health and survival we are:

a. immune

b. pathogenic

c. symptom-free

d. sign-free

4. Your client reports falling while snowboarding three days ago. She describes that she caught her fall with her right hand and arm, causing a sudden, forceful impact into her shoulder. As you palpate the tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint, you feel tension due to muscle guarding, mild edema, and warmth. How can you best support stabilizing the inflammatory process in and around the glenohumeral joint without causing further injury?

a. apply deep cross-fiber friction

b. apply ice massage

c. perform active-resisted range of motion

d. elevate the legs and feet while supine

5. Lymphocytes that migrate to damaged areas and attack invading microbes are the:

a. allergen cells

b. T cells

c. Mast cells

d. B cells

6. A harmful substance that stimulates the immune system is a(n):

a. erythrocyte

b. antigen

c. platelet

d. antibody

7. The body's defense mechanisms protect us from:

a. lymphocytic microorganisms

b. basophilic microorganisms

c. pathogenic microorganisms

d. probiotic microorganisms

8. A disease in which the immune system attacks normal tissue is an:

a. anaphylactic disease

b. inherited disease

c. immune disease

d. autoimmune disease

9. What do the body's defense mechanisms protect us from?

a. macrocytic cells

b. foreign tissue cells

c. endemic tissue cells

d. basophilic cells

10. The structure that activates lymphocytes is the:

a. liver

b. bone marrow

c. thymus

d. pancreas

11. A mechanism that ensures protection against certain types of threatening microorganisms or toxic materials is referred to as:

a. specific immunity

b. nonspecific immunity

c. basophilic response

d. inflammatory response

12. What is a cell that engulfs cell debris and foreign matter?

a. macrophage

b. reticular cell

c. lymphocyte

d. macrocyte

13. What is the name of the system that fights off diseases and some toxic substances?

a. lymph system

b. immune system

c. digestive system

d. cardiovascular system

14. A red, superficial rash of welts is called:

a. jaundice

b. urticaria

c. megakaria

d. malaria

15. Antibodies are produced mainly by:

a. macrophages

b. T cells

c. antigens

d. B cells

16. A very severe allergic reaction involving the release of large amounts of histamine is:

a. autoimmunity

b. hives

c. prophylaxis

d. anaphylaxis

17. Cells responsible for antibody production are primarily:

a. lymphocytes

b. phagocytes

c. endemic tissue cells

d. foreign tissue cells

18. What is an immune system response that does not target a specific agent?

a. specific

b. lymphocytic

c. nonspecific

d. open immunity

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. B

2. C

3. A

4. B

5. B

6. B

7. C

8. D

9. B

10. C

11. A

12. A

13. B

14. B

15. D

16. D

17. A

18. C

19.

20.

21.

The Digestive System

Terminology

Absorption - The uptake of a substance (such as gas, liquid, nutrients) into another substance or tissue.

Accessory digestive organs - Organs that help with digestion but are not part of the digestive tract; tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

Anabolism - The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue. Nutrients are used as building blocks in the body and either stored for the future or synthesized to repair and build new tissue.

Appendix - A tube-shaped sac at the junction between the large and small intestines that contains lymphoid tissue.

Catabolism - A chemical process the body employs to break down nutrients and release energy.

Chemical digestion - The second of two processes whereby food is digested. In this process, chemicals in the body separate large food molecules into smaller ones so they can pass through the wall of the intestine.

Chyme - The semifluid contents of the stomach, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food, that is present during the digestion of a meal. Chyme is passed from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum.

Colon - A section of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum (by definition, the cecum, appendix, and rectum, which are parts of the large intestine, are not included in the colon). Sections of the colon include the ascending colon, the right colic (hepatic) flexure, the transverse colon, the transverse mesocolon, the left colic (splenic) flexure, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.

Constipation - Hard stools or difficulty passing stools.

Digestion - The process of breaking down food into smaller components that can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. It involves two processes. Mechanical digestion involves mastication (chewing) and the smooth muscle contractions that move the intestinal tract. Chemical digestion involves the enzymes the body uses to further break down food.

Digestive system - The body system that ingests food, converts it to useable form, and expels the waste by-products.

Duodenum - The first part of the small intestine extending from the pylorus to the jejunum.

Elimination - The removal of solid waste products from the body.

Enteric nervous system - The nervous system governing the gastrointestinal system.

Esophagus - Tube-shaped organ of the digestive system that conveys food from the pharynx to the stomach.

Gallbladder - A small organ that stores and concentrates bile secreted by the liver.

Gastrointestinal tract - The tube of the digestive system, beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus.

Ileum - The last division of the small intestine extending between the jejunum and large intestine.

Ingestion - Taking in food through the mouth.

Jejunum - The section of the small intestine following the duodenum that is larger, thicker-walled, and more vascular than the ileum.

Large intestine - The long, wide tube of the digestive tract that extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus. The cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal make up the large intestine.

Liver - The largest organ in the abdomen that carries out many digestive functions and adjusts levels of many substances in the blood.

Mastication - The act of chewing.

Mechanical digestion - The first of two processes whereby food is digested. In this process, the teeth chop the food up into smaller pieces (mastication), which then pass through the digestive system. This term also relates to the smooth muscle contractions of the intestinal tract.

Metabolic rate - The rate at which the body uses energy for metabolic reactions.

Metabolic syndrome - A group of conditions, such as abdominal obesity and high blood pressure, that raise the risk of heart disease and create other health problems.

Metabolism - All chemical reactions within the body.

Motility - The stretching and contractions of the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract that enable food to progress along the tract. Synchronized contractions are called peristalsis.

Mouth - The beginning of the digestive tract through which food is ingested.

Pancreas - A gland in the abdomen with endocrine and exocrine functions.

Parathyroid glands - Four tiny glands embedded in the thyroid that secrete hormones to regulate calcium metabolism.

Peristalsis - The rhythmic muscular contractions of the digestive tract to move food along it.

Peyer’s patches - The lymphoid tissue located in the submucosa of the intestines.

Pharynx - A portion of the digestive tract between the mouth and the esophagus.

Rugae - A series of ridges created by folds in the wall of an organ, such as the small intestine.

Salivary glands - Glands in the mouth that secrete saliva.

Small intestine - The long, thin tube of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the ileocecal valve where most digestion and absorption takes place.

Stomach - The organ in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen that digests and stores food, and where most protein is broken down.

Teeth - The bone-like structures in the mouth used for mastication.

Thyroid gland - An endocrine gland, anterior to the trachea, that secretes hormones to regulate metabolism in the body.

Tongue - An accessory organ of digestion that aids in chewing, swallowing, and speech, and possesses taste buds.

Trachea - Tube extending from the larynx to the thorax where it divides into two bronchi.

Uvula - The tear-shaped tissue hanging down from the back of the throat.

Practice Quiz

1. Which of the following is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?

a. colon

b. stomach

c. cecum

d. pancreas

2. The tube from the pharynx to the stomach is the:

a. esophagus

b. appendix

c. ileum

d. eustachian tube

3. Which of the following is not a function of the tongue:

a. speech

b. swallowing

c. acid production

d. moving food in the mouth

4. Blockage of the rectum by fecal compaction is called:

a. diarhhea

b. faecis

c. constipation

d. celiac disease

5. Chewing of food is called:

a. crushing

b. mastication

c. maceration

d. pulverization

6. As part of this process, the teeth chop the food up into smaller pieces (mastication), which then pass through the digestive system:

a. mixedema

b. mechanical digestion

c. colic

d. chemical digestion

7. Your client has been experiencing constipation for the past five days. Which sequence of massage strokes to the abdominopelvic region will help facilitate peristalsis of the digestive tract?

a. inferior to superior strokes from left lower to left upper quadrants; transverse strokes from left to right upper quadrants; superior to inferior strokes from right upper to right lower quadrants

b. superior to inferior strokes from left upper to lower quadrants; transverse strokes from right to left upper quadrants; inferior to superior strokes from right lower to upper quadrants

c. broad, circular counterclockwise strokes around the entire perimeter of the abdominopelvic region

d. deep stripping from superior to inferior from upper right and left quadrants to lower right and left quadrants

8. The large, hollow portion of the stomach is called the:

a. fundus

b. omentum

c. uvula

d. serosa

9. What do you call the uptake of nutrients through the wall of the gut?

a,. adsorption

b. absorption

c. digestion

d. ingestion

10. The beginning of the small intestine is called:

a. jejunum

b. duodenum

c. cecum

d. ileum

11. The folds and ridges of the internal wall of the intestine are the:

a. plicae

b. colostra

c. rugae

d. ronchi

12. The large intestine begins at the:

a. cecum

b. duodenum

c. sigmoid colon

d. ileum

13. The peritoneum is a smooth membrane that lines the:

a. abdomen

b. rectum

c. stomach

d. esophagus

14. The folds of the stomach lining (gastric mucosa) are called:

a. pylori

b. rugae

c. colostra

d. gingivae

15. The mechanical activity of the gut is called:

a. mobilization

b. catabolism

c. mastication

d. motility

16. The stomach turns the bolus into this liquid:

a. chyme

b. plasma

c. lymphatic fluid

d. extracellular fluid

17. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the:

a. duodenum

b. pancreas

c. liver

d. gallbladder

18. The tear-shaped tissue hanging down from the back of the throat is called the:

a. pyloris

b. rugae

c. uvula

d. lesser omentum

19. The final portion of the large intestine before the rectum is:

a. ascending colon

b. descending colon

c. transverse colon

d. sigmoid colon

20. What is the storage device for bile?

a. gallbladder

b. liver

c. stomach

d. small intestine

21. The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules is called:

a. resorption

b. resynthesis

c. catabolism

d. anabolism

22. What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?

a. alimentary canal

b. ascending colon

c. cystic duct

d. greater omentum

23. Among the accessory digestive organs is the:

a. liver

b. enteric glands

c. gastric mucosa

d. adrenal cortex

Practice Quiz Answer Key

1. D

2. A

3. C

4. C

5. B

6. B

7. B

8. A

9. B

10. B

11. A

12. A

13. A

14. B

15. D

16. A

17. C

18. C

19. D

20. A

21. D

22. C

23. A